A&P Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Axons bound together by connective tissue
A
Nerves
2
Q
Individual cells in the brain
A
Neurons
3
Q
group of fibers outside the CNS
A
Nerves
4
Q
group of fibers inside the CNS
A
Tracts
5
Q
Efferent
A
Motor
6
Q
Afferent
A
Sensory
7
Q
Pyramidal also called
A
Direct Activation Pathway
8
Q
Pyramidal tracts (originate in _______) carry fibers to ______
A
cerebral cortex
spinal cord/brainstem
9
Q
Pyramidal responsible for
A
Voluntary control (body and face muscles)
10
Q
Pyramidal breaks into
A
corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
11
Q
Extrapyramidal also called
A
Indirect Activation Pathway
12
Q
Extrapyramidal tracts (originate in _____)carry fibers to _______
A
brainstem
spinal cord
13
Q
Upper Motor Neurons: found in
A
cerebral cortex/brainstem
14
Q
Lower Motor Neurons: found in
A
brainstem/spinal cord
15
Q
Transmit nerve impulses from brain to lower motor neurons
A
UMNs
16
Q
Transmit nerve impulses from UMNs to muscles
A
LMNs
17
Q
Corticospinal: synapse/terminate in the
A
Spinal Cord
18
Q
Corticobulbar: synapse/terminate in the
A
Brainstem
19
Q
Controls movement in limbs & trunk
A
Corticospinal
20
Q
Controls muscles of face, head, neck
A
Corticobulbar
21
Q
The CNS is made of the
A
Brain and spinal cord
22
Q
The PNS is made of the
A
cranial and spinal nerves
23
Q
Afferent division
A
All impulses go up to the CNS
24
Q
Efferent division
A
Impulses go down from the CNS to the muscles
25
Visceral afferent controles
unconscious perception from organs, glands, blood vessels
26
Somatic afferent controls
conscious perception of touch, pain, temperature
27
Visceral efferent controls
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
28
Somatic efferent controls
skeletal muscle
29
Visceral efferent breaks into
sympathetic (fight or flight), parasympathetic (rest and digest)
30
3 main parts of the human brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
31
Functions of the Forebrain
processes sensory info, reasoning/problem solving, automatic, motor functions
32
2 subgroups of the Forebrain
Telencephalon
| Diencephalon
33
Telencephalon is the
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes
34
Diencephalon is the
Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
35
Midbrain functions
regulates movement, processes auditory and visual info
36
2 subgroups of midbrain
Tectum, Paired cerebral peduncles
37
Functions of Hindbrain
regulates autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, relay of sensory info
38
2 subgroups of hindbrain
Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
39
Metencephalon breaks into
pons, cerebellum
40
Myelencephalon breaks into
medulla oblongata
41
"thinking portion" of brain; most complex cognitive functions
Cerebrum
42
Automatic reflexes/vegetative functions (e.g. breathing, heart rate, etc.) are a function of...
Brainstem
43
Voluntary movements; balance, coordination, posture, attention
Cerebellum
44
Regulates respiration, heart rate + reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing
Medulla
45
Attachment between cerebellum and rest of CNS
Pons
46
Houses substantial nigra (production of neurotransmitter dopamine)
Midbrain
47
Fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture
Basal ganglia
48
Allows afferent impulses to transmit to brain + efferent from brain to body
Spinal cord
49
Relay center for sensory and motor signals
Thalamus
50
Homeostasis, regulates hunger/thirst, pain/pleasure, anger/aggression
Hypothalamus
51
Responsible for new memories, emotions, spatial navigation
Hippocampus
52
Responsible for emotions, arousal, motivation
Amygdala
53
Auditory processing
Heschl's Gryus
54
Involved in semantic processing, language and cognition
Angular gyrus
55
Broca's area
speech production
56
Wernicke's area
language comprehension
57
language dominant hemisphere
Left hemisphere
58
Damage to left hemisphere =
aphasia
59
Supporting language hemisphere
Right hemisphere
60
connects the internal carotid and vertebral/basilar system
Circle of Willis
61
Supplies blood to frontal & parietal lobes, basal ganglia, & corpus callosum
Anterior Cerebral Artery
62
Stroke in ACA would lead to
opposite leg weakness
63
Supplies blood to Broca & Wernicke, temporal lobe, & primary motor cortex
Middle Cerebral Artery
64
Supplies blood to occipital lobes, cerebellum, & inferior temporal
Posterior Cerebral Artery
65
Interconnect identical & corresponding areas of 2 cerebral hemispheres
Commissural Fibers
66
Connect different regions of the cerebra; cortex within same hemisphere
Association Fibers
67
Connect cerebral cortex to brainstem and below
Projection Fibers
68
Masseter
elevates jaw (CNV3)
69
Temporalis
Lifts and retracts jaw (CN V3)
70
Medial Pterygoid
Elevates mandible- rotary chew
71
Lateral Pterygoid
Side-to-side- rotary chew
72
goal of life is sustenance, automatic & consistent
Vegetative breathing
73
expiration more important than inspiration, speak on exhale
Speech breathing
74
the process of expiration and inspiration
Ventilation
75
Respiration occurs as a result of pressure changes
Volume of gas increased = pressure decrease
As volume of lungs expands, pressure drops, and becomes negative in relation to atmospheric pressure
Causes air to flow into lungs
Boyle's Law
76
modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation
Vocal folds
77
Abduction
open
78
Adduction
closed
79
3 pairs of vocal folds:
True Vocal Folds
Aryepiglottic Folds
Ventricular (false) Folds
80
Velopharyngeal closure involves the contraction of…
Palatoglossus (CNXI & Pharyngeal plexus)
Tensor Veli Palatini (CN V3)
Levator Veli Palatini (Pharyngeal Plexus (IX & X))
81
What innervates palatoglossus?
CN XI & Pharyngeal plexus
82
What innervates Tensor Veli Palatini?
CN V3
83
What innervates Levator Veli Palatini?
Pharyngeal Plexus (IX & X)
84
causes the change in pressure that pulls VFs together; speed of air increases and "sucks" VFs toward one another- closure of folds
Bernoulli Effect
85
wave-like motion of VF cover
Mucosal Wave
86
An opening (created through the neck into the trachea)
Tracheostomy
87
Surgical removal of larynx due to trauma/cancer
Laryngectomy
88
Fenestrated tracheostomy
Small hole to allow air to pass through tube to vocal folds
89
Unfenestrated tracheostomy
No small holes, requires speaking valve for air to be passed to vocal folds
