A&P 1.2 Flashcards
1
Q
List the functions of bone
A
- Protection
- Movement
- Support
- Blood Cell Formation
- Storage
P.M.S.B.S
2
Q
Function of Bone
Descibe the support function
A
bones provide a framework for the body by being an area where soft tissue attaches
i.e. ms, tissue, ligaments, etc.
3
Q
Function of Bone
Describe the protection function
A
bone is hard and dense thus providing protection for internal organs
i.e. skull, ribcage
4
Q
Function of Bone
Describe the movement function
A
- the body acts on a system of levers
- muscle contracts and pulls on bone to create movement
5
Q
Where is movement created within the body?
A
At the joints
6
Q
Function of Bone
Describe the storage function
A
bones store:
* mineral salts
* fat
* blood cells
7
Q
What is the majority of mineral salt storage in bone made up of?
A
Calcium
8
Q
Function of Bone
Describe the blood cell formation function
A
In bone, there is production of:
* RBC
* WBC
* Platelets
9
Q
Classifying Bone
How do we classify bones?
A
Density and shape
10
Q
Classifying Bone
What are the different densities of bone?
A
Compact
Spongy (cancellous)
11
Q
Classifying Bone
Describe compact bone
A
- makes up the majority of long bones
- more dense therefore strong and hard
- little to no holes
- provides support and strength
12
Q
Classifying Bone
Describe spongy bone
A
- light, filled with pockets
- found within compact bone
- usually found at the end of bones
13
Q
What is stored within the holes of spongy bone?
A
Red bone marrow
14
Q
List the different shapes of bones
A
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
- Wormian
15
Q
Shapes of Bone
Describe long bones and list examples
A
longer than they are wide
i.e. femur, tibia, ulna, digits
16
Q
Shapes of Bone
Describe short bones and list examples
A
shorter than they are wide
i.e. carpals, tarsals
17
Q
Shapes of Bone
Describe flat bones and list examples
A
flat
i.e ribs, sternum, cranium, scapula
18
Q
Shapes of Bone
Describe irregular bones and list examples
A
oddly shaped bones that do not fit into any of the other categories
i.e.vertebrae, pelvis, sacrum
19
Q
Shapes of Bone
Describe sesamoid bones and list examples
A
a bone imbedded in soft tissue (tendon or ms)
i.e. patella
20
Q
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
A
Patella
21
Q
How many sesamoid bones are in the body?
A
An unspecified quantity.
Varies by person
22
Q
Where are seamoid bones typically found?
A
Areas where soft tissue can become irritated/pinched
23
Q
Shapes of Bone
Describe wormian bones
A
- found in newborn and fetal skulls
- form a bridge for the skull to fuse together by filling the gaps in sutures
- found in unspecific quantities
aka “sutural” bone
24
Q
Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
List the main structures of a long bone
A
- Red marrow
- Epiphysis
- Diaphysis
- Epiphyseal line
- Endosteum
- Medullary cavity
- Periosteum
- Articular cartilage
- Yellow marrow
“redeem pay”
25
# Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
Describe the diaphysis
shaft or midsection
26
# Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
Describe the epiphysis
* the proximal and distal ends of bone
* where bones joins with adjacent bone
* compact on the outside, spongy on the inside
27
# Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
Describe the epihyseal line
* divides the diaphysis and epiphysis
* location of cartilage growth during puberty which gives height/length to bone
28
# Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
Describe the medullary cavity
* central cavity of the bone
* located in the diaphysis
* where yellow bone marrow is stored
29
# Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
Describe yellow marrow
* fatty CT that acts as a fuel source
* found in the medullary cavity
30
# Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
Describe red marrow
immature blod cells
* located in spongy cells
31
# Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
Describe articular cartilage
smooth, white tisue that covers the ends of the bone
32
What are the purposes of articular cartilage?
* helps to reduce friction
* provides some shock absorbancy
33
What is another name for articular cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
34
Why is bone marrow so important?
very nutrient dense
35
# Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
Describe the periosteum
thin CT layer that covers the outside of the bone where cartilage isn't
## Footnote
"outer skin"
36
What are the functions of the periosteum?
* site of growth (diameter)
* innverated (good nerve supply)
* vascular (good blood supply = highly nutrient rich)
* attachment site for tendons and ligaments
37
# Structure of a (typical) Long Bone
Endosteum
CT that lines the medullary cavity
## Footnote
"inner lining"
38
What are the functions of the endosteum?
* site of bone growth
* prevents long bones from becoming too thick
39
What type of materials make up bone?
* inorganic
* organic
40
What percentage of bone is made of inorganic/organic material?
65% inorganic
35% organic
41
42
Inorganic materials provide what to the bone?
strength
43
Organic materials provide what to bone?
flexibility
44
# **
Give an example of inorganic bone material
mineral salts (Ca)
45
Give an example of organic material
* bone cells
* protein fibers
* nerves
46
# Bone Remodeling
When does bone growth end and how does that occur?
* ends at adulthood (avg 18-21 years)
* bone replaces the cartilage we had at birth and the epihyseal line
47
# Bone Remodeling
Rather than growing after adulthood, what does bone do?
* continually remodels through constant growth and destruction
48
# Bone Remodeling
What controls bone remodeling?
Hormones
## Footnote
Estrogen plays a big role here
49
# Bone Remodeling
Describe the Piezoelectric Property
* mechanical force placed on a bone causes an electrical current to be gerenated
* the electrical current stimulates osteoblasts to lay down Ca+ which create bone markings
50
# Bone Remodeling
Describe Wolf's Law
bones adapt to the stress placed upon them (osteoblasts or osteoclasts)
## Footnote
greater demand = more growth = stronger bone
51
# Bone Remodeling
Describe osteoblasts
bone cells that lay down Ca+ to build new bone
52
# Bone Remodeling
Describe osteoclasts
bone cells that break down bone to free up Ca+ for bodily needs (i.e. organ function)
53
# Bone Remodeling
What is the ideal remodeling relationship for healthy bone?
osteoblasts are greater than osteoclasts
54
# Bone Remodeling
Osteoporosis occurs when...
osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
55
Which bones are or are not included in the 206 bones in a healthy adult?
* Included: Patella
* Not Included: Wormian and al other sesamoid bones
56
The bone system of a person is divided into which parts?
Axial and Appendicular skeleton
57
The axial skeleton contains ____ bones
80
58
The axial skeleton includes which main areas of the body?
Head and trunk
59
The axial skeleton consists of which specific bone groups and how many of each?
* Skull bunes (22)
* Auditory ossicles (6)
* Hyoid bone (1)
* Vertebrae (26)
* Sternum (1)
* Ribs (12 pairs = 24 total)
60
The appendicular skeleton contains ____ bones
126
61
The appendicular skeleton consists of which bone groups and how many of each?
* Pectoral girdle (2 clavicles, 2 scapulas)
* Upper extremity (30 each = 60 total)
* Pelvic girdle (2)
* Lower extremity (30 each = 60 total)
62
# Bone Markings
Define tuberosity
A alrge, round projection;
may be roughened
63
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of tuberosities
* ischial ("sit bone")
* tibial
* gluteal
64
# Bone Markings
Define crest
A narrow ridge of bone;
usually prominent
65
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a crest
iliac
66
# Bone Markings
Define trochanter
A very alrge, blunt, irregularly shaped process
67
# Bone Markings
Example of trochanter
Greater & lesser femoral trochanter
68
# Bone Markings
Define line
A narrow ridge of bone;
less prominent than a crest
69
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of line
* Gluteal
* Linea aspera
70
# Bone Markings
Deinfe tubercle
A small, rounded projection of process
71
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of tubercle
* Greater & lesser
* Adductor
72
# Bone Markings
Define epicondyle
A rasied area on or above a condyle
73
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of epicondyle
* Medial femoral
* Lateral femoral
74
# Bone Markings
Define spine
A sharp, slender, often pointed projection
75
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of spine
* Spinous process
* Ischial spine
76
# Bone Markings
Define process
Any bony prominence
77
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a process
* Mastoid
* Transverse
78
# Bone Markings
List the types of projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment
* Spine
* Process
* Epicondyle
* Crest
* Tuberosity
* Line
* Tubercle
* Trochanter
## Footnote
SPECT LTT
79
# Bone Markings
List the types of projections that help to form joints
* Condyle
* Head
* Ramus
* Facet
## Footnote
CHRF
80
# Bone Markings
Define head
A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
## Footnote
Always the proximal end of the bone
81
# Bone Markings
Examples of head
* Femur
* Humerus
82
# Bone Markings
Define facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular (joining) surface
83
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of facet
Ribs
84
# Bone Markings
Define condyle
Rounded articular projection
85
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a condyle
* Femur
* Tibia
86
# Bone Markings
Define ramus
Armlike bar of bone
87
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a ramus
* pubis
* ischium
88
# Bone Markings
List the types of depressions and openings that allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves
* Groove
* Fissure
* Foramen
* Notch
* Meatus
* Sinus
* Fossa
89
# Bone Markings
Define groove
"Furrow" (groove or depression)
90
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a groove
* Bicipital
91
# Bone Markings
Define fissure
Narrow, slitlike opening
92
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a fissure
* eye sockets
* orbital
93
# Bone Markings
Define foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
("doughnut" hole/just a hole)
94
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a foramen
* Foramen magnum
* Obturator foramen
95
# Bone Markings
Define notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
96
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a notch
Greater sciatic notch
97
# Bone Markings
Define meatus
Canal-like passageway (hole with length)
98
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a meatus
External auditory meatus
99
# Bone Markings
Define sinus
Cavity within a bone that's filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
100
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a sinus
* Maxillary
* Front
* Erythmoid
* Sphenoid
101
# Bone Markings
Define fossa
Shallow, basinlike depressoin in a bone
(Often serving as an articular surface)
102
# Bone Markings
Example(s) of a fossa
* Supraspinous
* Mandibular
103
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton
How many bones are in the skull and how many are in each category?
22
* 8 cranial bones
* 14 facial bones
104
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton
What is the pupose of cranial bones?
Surround the brain for protection
105
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton
What is the purpose of the facial bones?
Porivde the framework for the face
106
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
List the different types of cranial bones
* Frontal
* Parietal
* Occipital
* Temporal
* Ethmoid
* Sphenoid
107
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
What is the purpose of the frontal bone?
Forms the roof of the orbit for the eyes
108
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
What is the purpose of the parietal bones?
Form the side and top of the head
109
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
What is the purpose of the occipital bone?
* Helps to give the trapezius muscles their shape
* Forms the lower part of the cranium = forms the base of the skull/cranial floor
110
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
List the bone markings of the occipital bone
* Foramen magnum
* Superior nuchal line
* External occipital protuberance (EOP)
111
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
What is the purpose of the foramen magnum?
Provides space for/houses the spinal cord
112
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
What is the purpose of the superior nuchal line?
Attachment point for the trapezius ms
113
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
What is the purpose of the temporal lobes?
For the side and base of the head
114
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
List the bone markings of the temporal bone
* Mandibular fossa (articular fossa)
* Mastoid process
* External auditory meatus
115
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
WHat is the purpose of the sphenoid bone?
Forms the base of the cranium
## Footnote
Aka "butterfly", "bat" "moth" bone
116
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
Why is the sphenoid bone a key stone bone?
It connects with every other cranial bone
117
# Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings
What is the purpose of the ethmoid bone?
Forms the internal framework for the nasal cavity
118
