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A&P 1 > A&P 1.2 > Flashcards

A&P 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of bone

A
  1. Protection
  2. Movement
  3. Support
  4. Blood Cell Formation
  5. Storage

P.M.S.B.S

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2
Q

Function of Bone

Descibe the support function

A

bones provide a framework for the body by being an area where soft tissue attaches

i.e. ms, tissue, ligaments, etc.

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3
Q

Function of Bone

Describe the protection function

A

bone is hard and dense thus providing protection for internal organs

i.e. skull, ribcage

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4
Q

Function of Bone

Describe the movement function

A
  • the body acts on a system of levers
  • muscle contracts and pulls on bone to create movement
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5
Q

Where is movement created within the body?

A

At the joints

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6
Q

Function of Bone

Describe the storage function

A

bones store:
* mineral salts
* fat
* blood cells

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7
Q

What is the majority of mineral salt storage in bone made up of?

A

Calcium

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8
Q

Function of Bone

Describe the blood cell formation function

A

In bone, there is production of:
* RBC
* WBC
* Platelets

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9
Q

Classifying Bone

How do we classify bones?

A

Density and shape

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10
Q

Classifying Bone

What are the different densities of bone?

A

Compact
Spongy (cancellous)

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11
Q

Classifying Bone

Describe compact bone

A
  • makes up the majority of long bones
  • more dense therefore strong and hard
  • little to no holes
  • provides support and strength
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12
Q

Classifying Bone

Describe spongy bone

A
  • light, filled with pockets
  • found within compact bone
  • usually found at the end of bones
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13
Q

What is stored within the holes of spongy bone?

A

Red bone marrow

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14
Q

List the different shapes of bones

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
  • Wormian
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15
Q

Shapes of Bone

Describe long bones and list examples

A

longer than they are wide

i.e. femur, tibia, ulna, digits

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16
Q

Shapes of Bone

Describe short bones and list examples

A

shorter than they are wide

i.e. carpals, tarsals

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17
Q

Shapes of Bone

Describe flat bones and list examples

A

flat

i.e ribs, sternum, cranium, scapula

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18
Q

Shapes of Bone

Describe irregular bones and list examples

A

oddly shaped bones that do not fit into any of the other categories

i.e.vertebrae, pelvis, sacrum

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19
Q

Shapes of Bone

Describe sesamoid bones and list examples

A

a bone imbedded in soft tissue (tendon or ms)

i.e. patella

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20
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

Patella

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21
Q

How many sesamoid bones are in the body?

A

An unspecified quantity.
Varies by person

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22
Q

Where are seamoid bones typically found?

A

Areas where soft tissue can become irritated/pinched

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23
Q

Shapes of Bone

Describe wormian bones

A
  • found in newborn and fetal skulls
  • form a bridge for the skull to fuse together by filling the gaps in sutures
  • found in unspecific quantities

aka “sutural” bone

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24
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

List the main structures of a long bone

A
  • Red marrow
  • Epiphysis
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphyseal line
  • Endosteum
  • Medullary cavity
  • Periosteum
  • Articular cartilage
  • Yellow marrow

“redeem pay”

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25
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

Describe the diaphysis

A

shaft or midsection

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26
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

Describe the epiphysis

A
  • the proximal and distal ends of bone
  • where bones joins with adjacent bone
  • compact on the outside, spongy on the inside
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27
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

Describe the epihyseal line

A
  • divides the diaphysis and epiphysis
  • location of cartilage growth during puberty which gives height/length to bone
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28
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

Describe the medullary cavity

A
  • central cavity of the bone
  • located in the diaphysis
  • where yellow bone marrow is stored
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29
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

Describe yellow marrow

A
  • fatty CT that acts as a fuel source
  • found in the medullary cavity
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30
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

Describe red marrow

A

immature blod cells
* located in spongy cells

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31
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

Describe articular cartilage

A

smooth, white tisue that covers the ends of the bone

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32
Q

What are the purposes of articular cartilage?

A
  • helps to reduce friction
  • provides some shock absorbancy
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33
Q

What is another name for articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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34
Q

Why is bone marrow so important?

A

very nutrient dense

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35
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

Describe the periosteum

A

thin CT layer that covers the outside of the bone where cartilage isn’t

“outer skin”

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36
Q

What are the functions of the periosteum?

A
  • site of growth (diameter)
  • innverated (good nerve supply)
  • vascular (good blood supply = highly nutrient rich)
  • attachment site for tendons and ligaments
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37
Q

Structure of a (typical) Long Bone

Endosteum

A

CT that lines the medullary cavity

“inner lining”

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38
Q

What are the functions of the endosteum?

A
  • site of bone growth
  • prevents long bones from becoming too thick
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39
Q

What type of materials make up bone?

A
  • inorganic
  • organic
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40
Q

What percentage of bone is made of inorganic/organic material?

A

65% inorganic
35% organic

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41
Q
A
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42
Q

Inorganic materials provide what to the bone?

A

strength

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43
Q

Organic materials provide what to bone?

A

flexibility

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44
Q

**

Give an example of inorganic bone material

A

mineral salts (Ca)

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45
Q

Give an example of organic material

A
  • bone cells
  • protein fibers
  • nerves
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46
Q

Bone Remodeling

When does bone growth end and how does that occur?

A
  • ends at adulthood (avg 18-21 years)
  • bone replaces the cartilage we had at birth and the epihyseal line
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47
Q

Bone Remodeling

Rather than growing after adulthood, what does bone do?

A
  • continually remodels through constant growth and destruction
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48
Q

Bone Remodeling

What controls bone remodeling?

A

Hormones

Estrogen plays a big role here

49
Q

Bone Remodeling

Describe the Piezoelectric Property

A
  • mechanical force placed on a bone causes an electrical current to be gerenated
  • the electrical current stimulates osteoblasts to lay down Ca+ which create bone markings
50
Q

Bone Remodeling

Describe Wolf’s Law

A

bones adapt to the stress placed upon them (osteoblasts or osteoclasts)

greater demand = more growth = stronger bone

51
Q

Bone Remodeling

Describe osteoblasts

A

bone cells that lay down Ca+ to build new bone

52
Q

Bone Remodeling

Describe osteoclasts

A

bone cells that break down bone to free up Ca+ for bodily needs (i.e. organ function)

53
Q

Bone Remodeling

What is the ideal remodeling relationship for healthy bone?

A

osteoblasts are greater than osteoclasts

54
Q

Bone Remodeling

Osteoporosis occurs when…

A

osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts

55
Q

Which bones are or are not included in the 206 bones in a healthy adult?

A
  • Included: Patella
  • Not Included: Wormian and al other sesamoid bones
56
Q

The bone system of a person is divided into which parts?

A

Axial and Appendicular skeleton

57
Q

The axial skeleton contains ____ bones

A

80

58
Q

The axial skeleton includes which main areas of the body?

A

Head and trunk

59
Q

The axial skeleton consists of which specific bone groups and how many of each?

A
  • Skull bunes (22)
  • Auditory ossicles (6)
  • Hyoid bone (1)
  • Vertebrae (26)
  • Sternum (1)
  • Ribs (12 pairs = 24 total)
60
Q

The appendicular skeleton contains ____ bones

A

126

61
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of which bone groups and how many of each?

A
  • Pectoral girdle (2 clavicles, 2 scapulas)
  • Upper extremity (30 each = 60 total)
  • Pelvic girdle (2)
  • Lower extremity (30 each = 60 total)
62
Q

Bone Markings

Define tuberosity

A

A alrge, round projection;
may be roughened

63
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of tuberosities

A
  • ischial (“sit bone”)
  • tibial
  • gluteal
64
Q

Bone Markings

Define crest

A

A narrow ridge of bone;
usually prominent

65
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a crest

A

iliac

66
Q

Bone Markings

Define trochanter

A

A very alrge, blunt, irregularly shaped process

67
Q

Bone Markings

Example of trochanter

A

Greater & lesser femoral trochanter

68
Q

Bone Markings

Define line

A

A narrow ridge of bone;
less prominent than a crest

69
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of line

A
  • Gluteal
  • Linea aspera
70
Q

Bone Markings

Deinfe tubercle

A

A small, rounded projection of process

71
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of tubercle

A
  • Greater & lesser
  • Adductor
72
Q

Bone Markings

Define epicondyle

A

A rasied area on or above a condyle

73
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of epicondyle

A
  • Medial femoral
  • Lateral femoral
74
Q

Bone Markings

Define spine

A

A sharp, slender, often pointed projection

75
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of spine

A
  • Spinous process
  • Ischial spine
76
Q

Bone Markings

Define process

A

Any bony prominence

77
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a process

A
  • Mastoid
  • Transverse
78
Q

Bone Markings

List the types of projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment

A
  • Spine
  • Process
  • Epicondyle
  • Crest
  • Tuberosity
  • Line
  • Tubercle
  • Trochanter

SPECT LTT

79
Q

Bone Markings

List the types of projections that help to form joints

A
  • Condyle
  • Head
  • Ramus
  • Facet

CHRF

80
Q

Bone Markings

Define head

A

A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Always the proximal end of the bone

81
Q

Bone Markings

Examples of head

A
  • Femur
  • Humerus
82
Q

Bone Markings

Define facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular (joining) surface

83
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of facet

A

Ribs

84
Q

Bone Markings

Define condyle

A

Rounded articular projection

85
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a condyle

A
  • Femur
  • Tibia
86
Q

Bone Markings

Define ramus

A

Armlike bar of bone

87
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a ramus

A
  • pubis
  • ischium
88
Q

Bone Markings

List the types of depressions and openings that allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves

A
  • Groove
  • Fissure
  • Foramen
  • Notch
  • Meatus
  • Sinus
  • Fossa
89
Q

Bone Markings

Define groove

A

“Furrow” (groove or depression)

90
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a groove

A
  • Bicipital
91
Q

Bone Markings

Define fissure

A

Narrow, slitlike opening

92
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a fissure

A
  • eye sockets
  • orbital
93
Q

Bone Markings

Define foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone
(“doughnut” hole/just a hole)

94
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a foramen

A
  • Foramen magnum
  • Obturator foramen
95
Q

Bone Markings

Define notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a structure

96
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a notch

A

Greater sciatic notch

97
Q

Bone Markings

Define meatus

A

Canal-like passageway (hole with length)

98
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a meatus

A

External auditory meatus

99
Q

Bone Markings

Define sinus

A

Cavity within a bone that’s filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

100
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a sinus

A
  • Maxillary
  • Front
  • Erythmoid
  • Sphenoid
101
Q

Bone Markings

Define fossa

A

Shallow, basinlike depressoin in a bone
(Often serving as an articular surface)

102
Q

Bone Markings

Example(s) of a fossa

A
  • Supraspinous
  • Mandibular
103
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton

How many bones are in the skull and how many are in each category?

A

22
* 8 cranial bones
* 14 facial bones

104
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton

What is the pupose of cranial bones?

A

Surround the brain for protection

105
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton

What is the purpose of the facial bones?

A

Porivde the framework for the face

106
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

List the different types of cranial bones

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
107
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

What is the purpose of the frontal bone?

A

Forms the roof of the orbit for the eyes

108
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

What is the purpose of the parietal bones?

A

Form the side and top of the head

109
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

What is the purpose of the occipital bone?

A
  • Helps to give the trapezius muscles their shape
  • Forms the lower part of the cranium = forms the base of the skull/cranial floor
110
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

List the bone markings of the occipital bone

A
  • Foramen magnum
  • Superior nuchal line
  • External occipital protuberance (EOP)
111
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

What is the purpose of the foramen magnum?

A

Provides space for/houses the spinal cord

112
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

What is the purpose of the superior nuchal line?

A

Attachment point for the trapezius ms

113
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

What is the purpose of the temporal lobes?

A

For the side and base of the head

114
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

List the bone markings of the temporal bone

A
  • Mandibular fossa (articular fossa)
  • Mastoid process
  • External auditory meatus
115
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

WHat is the purpose of the sphenoid bone?

A

Forms the base of the cranium

Aka “butterfly”, “bat” “moth” bone

116
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

Why is the sphenoid bone a key stone bone?

A

It connects with every other cranial bone

117
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton: Cranial Bones/Markings

What is the purpose of the ethmoid bone?

A

Forms the internal framework for the nasal cavity

118
Q
A

A&P 1 (15 decks)

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