A&P 2.1

Question 1

Describe the cell

Answer 1

• basic structural & functional unit of all living organisms
• Can vary greatly in structure
• Human body is composed of trillions of cells constantly renegerating and replacing
• The main function of almost all is to produce protein
• Bathed in interstitial fluid
• Generalized was discovered around ~1600A.D.

Question 2

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

List the 3 basic parts of a generazlied cell

Answer 2

• Nucleus
• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm

Question 3

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

Describe the nucleus

Answer 3

• takes on the shape of the cell
• some cells have more than one
• contains DNA
• typically in the center of the cell, but can be anywhere

Question 4

Describe DNA

Answer 4

the genetic blueprint & instruction manual for protein synthesis

Question 5

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

Describe the plasma membrane

Answer 5

• the thin, outer barrier allowing the cell to communicate with the outer environment
• selectively permeable
• creates intra/extracellular environments

Question 6

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

Answer 6

• made of phospholipids (compound lipids) which contain fat, protein and cholesterol
  ** cholesterol allows plasma membrane to be flexible and therefore support integrity of phospholipids
• sugar molecules can stick to outside of plasma membrane
  **allow cell to stick to other things it passes in order to interact with environment and “sample” things

Question 7

Describe interstitial fluid

Answer 7

• Diluted saltwater solution that all cells are suspended in
• Contains vital nutrients
• Allows cell to interact with this environment (draw water in or out)
• Allows removal of waste
• Contains enzymes

Question 8

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Describe lipids

Answer 8

• fats
• have head & tail arrangement in double “bi” layer
• head = hydrophilic
• tail = hydrophobic

Question 9

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Proteins

Answer 9

• scattered throughout the plasma membrane
• can change shape to be receptor sides, passageways or actively carry material across the membrane

Question 10

List the functions of the plasma membrane

Answer 10

• membrane transport
• maintenance of an electrical gradient
• interaction with the outside environment

Question 11

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Describe membrane transport and list its types

Answer 11

• When material is passed through the membrane
• Passive and active

Question 12

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Define passive transport

Answer 12

the passing of material through the plasma membrane without the use of energy from cell

Question 13

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Define active transport

Answer 13

passing of material through the plasma membrane requiring energy from the cell

Question 14

Functions of Plasma Membrane

List the types of passive transport

Answer 14

• Diffusion
• Osmosis

Question 15

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Passive Transport

Describe diffusion

Answer 15

Material moving across plasma membrane by following the concentration gradient from high to low

Question 16

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Passive Transport

Describe osmosis

Answer 16

passive movement of water across plasma membrane from high to low concentration

Question 17

Functions of Plasma Membrane

List the types of active transport

Answer 17

• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

Question 18

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport

Describe endocytosis and its types

Answer 18

• cell taking in material by enveloping plasma membrane around extracellular material
• phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Question 19

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport

Describe phagocytosis

Answer 19

• “cell eating”
• cell taking in solid material

Question 20

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport

Describe pinocytosis

Answer 20

• “cell drinking”
• taking in of fluids

Question 21

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport

Describe exocytosis

Answer 21

• expelling of material from cell
• piece of plasma membrane within the cell merges with plasma membrane to keep continuous barrier while being able to send material outside of the cell

Question 22

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Describe how the plasma membrane maintains an electrical gradient

Answer 22

All cells maintain separate charges on either side of the plasma membrane to allow for the potential to conduct electrical energy

Question 23

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Describe how the plasma membrane allows for interaction with the outside environment

Answer 23

• Proteins & sugar molecules outside of the plasma membrane allow for extracellular communication by either direct contact or chemical signals

Question 24

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

Describe the cytoplasm

Answer 24

Substance within the plasma membrane yet outside of the nucleus

Question 25

# 3 Basic Parts of the General Cell List the parts of the cytoplasm

Answer 25

* cytosol * inclusions * organelles

Question 26

# Parts of the Cytoplasm Describe cytosol

Answer 26

* watery portion of the cytoplasm which contains: salts, water, sugars, proteins, waste, enzymes, etc. * viscous, semi-transparent fluid

Question 27

# Parts of the Cytoplasm Describe inclusions

Answer 27

* chemical substances floating within the cytoplasm which relate to the function of that cell * ## Footnote Ex: glycogen (stored form of glucose which is needed to create ATP), melanin, fat

Question 28

# Parts of the Cytoplasm Describe organelles

Answer 28

* Metabolic machinery of the cell * How the cell is able to function and produce protein

Question 29

# Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles List the organelles of a generalized cell

Answer 29

* Ribosomes * Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth & rough) * Golgi apparatus * Secretory vessicles * Lysosomes * Mitochondria * Cilia * Flagella

Question 30

# Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles Describe ribosomes

Answer 30

* site of protein synthesis * some float freely within cytoplasm making protein for that cell * some attach to membranes making proteins to export to other areas of the body

Question 31

# Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 31

* network of tubes and membranes within the cytoplasm serving as anchor points for some ribosomes * deliver proteins from one area of the cell to another * rough has ribosomes attached, smooth does not

Question 32

# Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles Golgi Apparatus

Answer 32

* "UPS" of the cell * flattened out membranes which sort, package and distribute proteins for export out of the cell * portions pinch off to form secretory vessicles

Question 33

# Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles Secretory Vessicles

Answer 33

* Enclosed structures which carry protein produced by/from cell to plasma membrane where they fuse with it by disintegrating their walls to release protein by way of exocytosis

Question 34

# Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles Lysosomes

Answer 34

* type of secretory vessicle filled with digestive enzymes used to destroy worn out organelles & foreign material that enters the cell

Question 35

# Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles Mitochondria

Answer 35

* provides cell with energy in the form of ATP * the more productive the cell => the more mitochondria it has (ms. cells have many)

Question 36

# Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles Cilia

Answer 36

* hair-like projections off of plasma membrane which serve to move material across the cell surface * respiratory tract lined with cilia to keep "mucous blanket" moving

Question 37

# Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles Flagella

Answer 37

* tail-like extensions off plasma membrane which propel the cell * only example in the human body is the sperm cell

Question 38

Describe protein synthesis

Answer 38

* complex process of cells in which (as miniature factories) they synthesize a variety of different proteins that make up the chemical & physical nature of the body as a whole. * DNA serves as the genetic blueprint for this manufacturing * Some cells utilize their produced protein while the rest is exported for use in other areas of the body

Question 39

# Protein Synthesis State the basic, summarized steps of this process

Answer 39

* Ribosomes produce protein and deliver it to the endoplasmic reticulum * ER transports protein to golgi apparatus * Golgi app. packages protein into secretory vessicles * Secretory vessicles pinch off from golgi app. and deliver protein to plasma membrane for export via exocytosis ## Footnote Mitochondria provide fuel in form of ATP (comes from the breakdown of glucose) throughout this process

Question 40

# Protein Synthesis Describe this process in more detail

Answer 40

* DNA (housed in the nucleus) serves as blueprint for protein synthesis * Ribosomes (within cytoplasm) receive a copy of blueprint & use it to make protein ** some protein is made for that cell while some is made for export to other areas of the body** * ribosomes (which make protein for other areas of the body) are attached to endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) * Rough ER transports protein to toher regions of cell where golgi app. is located * Golgi app. sorts, packages and prepares protein for export out of cell * Secretory vessicle fuses with plasma membrane - disintegrating to expel protein into interstitial fluid by way of exocytosis * Protein can then be carried to other regions of the body ## Footnote Mitochondria provide energy in the form of ATP throughout the "expensive" process by breaking down gylcogen for glucose stores

Question 41

What are the potential benefits of massage therapy on the cell?

Answer 41

* increase blood flow (necessary for cell function) => aiding the cell in their functioning at least a miniscule amount * may contribute to the removal of routine metabolic waste in blood