A&P Chapter 1

Question 1

study of structure of body part and their relationship to one another

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

is the study of large, visible structures

Answer 3

gross or macroscopic anatomy

Question 4

deals with structures to small to be seen by naked eye

Answer 4

microscopic anatomy

Question 5

studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

Answer 5

developmental anatomy

Question 6

Subdivisions of physiology

Answer 6

• based on organ system
• often focuses on cellcular and molecular levels of the body

Question 7

complementarity of structure and function

Answer 7

anatomy and physiology are inseparable

Question 8

Structural Organization:

Answer 8

• chemical level: atoms, molecules, and organelles
• cellular level: single cell
• tissue level: groups of similar cells
• organ level: contains two or more types of tissue
• organ system level: organs that work closely together
• organismal level: all organ system combined to make the whole organism

Question 9

Necessary life functions:

Answer 9

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excertion, reproduction, and growth

Question 10

Separation between internal and external environments must exist
- plasma membranes separate cells

Answer 10

Maintaining Boundaries

Question 11

Muscular system allow movement
- of body parts via skeletal muscles

Answer 11

Movement

Question 12

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
- control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities

Answer 12

Responsiveness

Question 13

Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood

Answer 13

Digestion

Question 14

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
- sum od all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)

Answer 14

Metabolism

Question 15

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
- urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods)

Answer 15

Excretion

Question 16

• At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair
• At the organismal level reproduction is the production of offspring

Answer 16

Reproduction

Question 17

Increase in size of a body part or of organism

Answer 17

Growth

Question 18

integumentary system

Answer 18

skin (protection)

Question 19

skeletal system

Answer 19

protects body organs, holds body together, and creates blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and minerals)

Question 20

muscular system

Answer 20

attach to bones to create movement , maintains posture and produces heat

Question 21

nervous system

Answer 21

powerful system, fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external, made from brain and spinal cord

Question 22

endocrine system

Answer 22

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Question 23

cardiovascular system

Answer 23

consists of blood vessels and heart, capallaries is the smallest vein in the body

Question 24

Lymphatic system/ immunity

Answer 24

picks up leaked fluids from blood vessels and returns it into the blood through lymphatic stream which houses white blood cells, immune response attack against foreign substance within the body

Question 25

digestive system

Answer 25

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

Question 26

respiratory system

Answer 26

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Question 27

urinary system

Answer 27

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

Question 28

Survival needs:

Answer 28

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 29

chemicals for energy and cell building

Answer 29

nutrients

Question 30

essential for release of energy from foods

Answer 30

oxygen

Question 31

most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions

Answer 31

water

Question 32

if body temperature falls below or goes above 37*C (98.6F), rated of chemical reactions are affected

Answer 32

normal body temperature

Question 33

specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

Answer 33

appropriate atomospheric pressure

Question 34

is the maintenance of relatively stable interal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

Answer 34

homeostasis

Question 35

3 homeostatic controls:

Answer 35

receptor, control center, and effector (negative or positive feedback)

Question 36

are factors that can change (blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume, etc.)

Answer 36

variables

Question 37

body must constantly be monitored and regulated to maintain homeostasis

Answer 37

homeostatic controls

Question 38

receptor (sensor)

Answer 38

- monitor environment - responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables)

Question 39

control center

Answer 39

- determines set point at which variable is maintained - receives input from receptor - determines appropriate response

Question 40

effector

Answer 40

- receives output from control center - provides the means to respond

Question 41

negative feedback

Answer 41

- stop/slow down stimulus response - ex: regulation of blood glucose by insulin

Question 42

positive feedback

Answer 42

- enhances stimulus response - ex: labor contractions

Question 43

cranial cavity

Answer 43

brain

Question 44

vertebal cavity

Answer 44

spinal cord

Question 45

thoracic cavity

Answer 45

heart and lungs

Question 46

abdominal cavity

Answer 46

digestive viscera

Question 47

pelvic cavity

Answer 47

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Question 48

ventral body cavity

Answer 48

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities