A&P Chapter 17: Flashcards
1
Q
formed elements include:
A
- erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
- leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
- platelets
2
Q
physical characteristics and volume
A
- the pH of blood is 7.35–7.45
- temperature is 38C, slightly higher than “normal” body temperature
- blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight
- average volume of blood is 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females
3
Q
transports oxygen from lungs to body tissue
A
hemoglobin
4
Q
transports cardon dioxide from tisue to lungs
A
plasma and RBC
5
Q
transports nutrients from gut to tissue
A
digestion
6
Q
transport waste (amenia, vitamin C, and etc.) from tissues to excretory organs
A
plasma (has 91% water that dissolves)
7
Q
conducts heat from tissue to tissue
A
cell respiration causes heat product
8
Q
regulates pH, body temperature, and tissue water content
A
plasme
9
Q
fights infection
A
WBC
10
Q
blood consists of…
A
55% plasma and 45% formed elements
11
Q
plasma
A
- water (91.5%)
- contains over 100 solutes
- proteins (7%)
12
Q
proteins
A
- abumins (55%)
- globulins (38%): antibody proteins
- fibrinogen (7%): soluble protein> transformed into fibers>fibrins
13
Q
formed elements
A
- erythrocytes: about 5 – million per cubic mm
- leucocytes: 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic mm
- thrombocytes / Platelets: 250,000 – 400,000 per cubic mm
14
Q
granulocytes
A
- eosiniphils: 2-4%
- basophils: 0.5 – 1%
- neutrophils: 60 – 70%
15
Q
agranulocytes
A
- lymphocytes: 20 – 25%
- monocytes: 3 – 8%
16
Q
erthrocytes
A
- contains hemoglobin (33% of cell wt)
- Hb in an iron-protein compound
- Hb transports 97% oxygen and 23% carbon dioxide
17
Q
hemoglobin bound to oxygen
A
oxyhemoglobin
* erthrocytes
18
Q
hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues
A
deoxyhemoglobin
* erthrocytes
19
Q
hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
A
carbaminohemoglobin
* erthrocytes
20
Q
Hb values
A
- 14-20g / 100ml blood in infants (highest)
- 12-15g / 100ml blood in adult females (lowest)
- 14-16.5g / 100ml blood in adult males (middle)
21
Q
RBC has a life span of about…
A
100-120 days
22
Q
erthropoiesis
A
- formation of erythrocytes
- hormonally controlled and depends on iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
23
Q
triggered by hypoxia and
increased tissue demand for oxygen
A
erthropoietin (EPO)
24
Q
heme is degraded to a yellow pigment
A
bilirubin
25
the intestine metabolizes bile
urobilinogen
26
this s degraded pigment leaves the body in feces, in a pigment
stercobilin
27
2 types of leucocytes
- Granular > Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil
- Agranular > Monocyte, Lymphocyte
28
eosinphils
- produce antihistamines
- reduces the severity of allergies by phagocytizing antigenantibody complexes
- lead the body’s counterattack against parasitic worms
- phagocytic cells
* leucocytes
29
basophil
- functionally similar to mast cells
- cause allergic symptoms
- can be associated with hypersensitive allergic reactions
* leucocytes
30
neutrophils
- first responder to infection
- phagocytic cells
- cause allergic symptoms
- can be associated with hypersensitive allergic reactions
* leucocyte
31
monocytes
- show up at end of infection
- phagocytic cells
- they are the largest leukocytes
- migrate to the tissue to become macrophage (become much larger)
- macrophage fights tissue infection by phagocytosis
* leucocytes
32
lymphocytes
- T – cells are active against bacteria, virus cancer cells, etc.
- B – cells change into Plasma cells to produce antibodies
- Memory B – cells recognize the antigens
33
stimulates other T-cells
amplifier T - Cells
34
reorganize the antigens
memory T - Cells
35
help t-cells
- induce B-cells to produce antibodies
- produce IL-2 (Interleukin-2) to stimulate killer T-cells production
36
opposiute to helper T- Cells in function
Suppressor T - Cells
37
killer t-cells
- also called Cytotoxic T- cells
- destroy antigens
- can cause autoimmune condition
38
delayed hepersentitive t-cells
- produce strong proteins called Lymphokins
- can cause hypersensitive allergic reaction
- key factor in the rejection of transplanted tissues
39
life span of WBC
- fight infection
- a few hours to a few months depending on physiological
conditions
- more active cells have shorter life span
- during an infection life span decreases
40
thrombocytes (Megakaryocytes)
- thrombocytes give rise to platelets
- help blood to clot
- life span between 5-9 days
41
blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity due to low RBC count or low Hb content
anemia
42
result of acute or chronic loss of blood
hemorrhagic anemia
43
prematurely ruptured erythrocytes
hemolytic anemia
44
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
aplastic anemia
45
absent or faulty globin in hemoglobin. Erythrocytes are
thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin
thalassemia
46
caused by a defective gene coding for an abnormal
hemoglobin
hemoglobin s (hbs)
47
this defect causes RBCs to
become sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations
sickle-cell anemina
48
too many RBCs that increase blood viscosity
polycythemia
49
increased number of WBC (above 11,000 cells/cu mm
blood)
leukocytosis
50
decreased number of WBC (below 4,000 cells/cu mm
blood)
leukocytopenia
51
cancerous conditions involving white blood cells. Cytoplasm contains abnormally high number immature, non-functional WBC
leukemias
52
involves myeloblasts
myelocytic leukemia
53
involves lymphocytes
lymphocytic leukemia
54
involves blast-type cells and primarily affects children
acute leukemia
55
is more prevalent in older people
chronic leukemia
56
leukocyte disorders
- leukemia, bone becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes
- leads to internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections
- treatments include irradiation, antileukemic drugs and bone marrow transplants
57
condition where the number of circulating plateletsi s deficient
thrombocytopenia
58
– hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors. Symptoms include prolonged bleeding and painful and disabled joints
hemophilia
59
most common type (83% of all cases) due to a deficiency of clotting factor VIII (8)
hemophilia A
60
due to a deficiency of factor IX (9)
hemophilia B
61
mild type, caused by a deficiency of factor XI (11)
hemophilia C
62
blood cells are produced, located in the red bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cells
63
blood cell development
2-4% of the bone marrow cell are stem cells
64
is the process of blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
65
hematopoietic Stem Cells transform into...
hematblasts (not fully mature)
66
hematblasts transform into:
- Proerythroblasts > Erythroblasts > Erythrocytes
- Myeloblasts > Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils
- Monoblasts > Monocytes > Macroproteins
- Lymphoblasts > Lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells)
- Megakaryoblasts > Megakaryocytes (Thrombocytes)
67
for the development of monocytes and macrophage
Macrophage – CSF (M-CSF)
68
for the development of granulocytes and monocytes
Granulocyte Monocytes – CSF (GM-CSF)
69
helps the development of granulocytes only
Granulocyte – CSF (G-CSF)
70
for RBC production
Erythroprotein (EPO)
71
- multi – CSF, helps various cell production
- and other ILs’
Interleukin – 3 (IL-3)
72
albumins
- 55%
- responsible for blood thickness
- blood has more albumins than tissue fluid, so blood can draw
water from tissue
73
these are the antibodies
globulins (38%)
74
blood clotting protein (has to be converted into fibrin)
fibrinogen (7%)
75
platelet plug
- cytoplasm of platelets contain alpha granules and dense granules
- aplha granules contain blood clotting factors and growth factors
- dense granules supply ATP, ADP, enzymes, and Fibrin stabilizing
76
three steps in the platelet plug progess
- Platelet Adhesion
Platelets get attached to the wall of the damaged blood
vessel
Platelet become irregular shaped
- Platelet Release Reaction
Platelets release factors and become sticky
- Platelet Plug Formation
Platelets form a mass and plug the hole in the
damaged blood vessel
77
steps of blood coagulation:
Prothrombin (plasma protein) is formed > converted into Thrombin (enzyme) > Thrombin converts soluble Fibrinogen into insoluble fibrins > fibrins form network that traps blood cells and stops bleeding > Growth Factors initiate cell proliferation leading toward healing processes
78
the smooth muscles in the wall of the blood vessel contract to
reduce bleeding
vascular spasm
79
clotting within an unbroken blood vessel
thrombus
80
a thrombus that can move
embolus
81
determined by the antigens (proteins) expressed on the
surface of the RBC
blood groups
82
Rh genotypes
- Rh- positive (RR or Rf)
-Rh-negative (rr)
83
a person is Rh postive
- Rh-antigens on RBC surface
- no Rh-antibodies in plasma
84
a person is Rh-negative
- no Rh- antigens on RBC surface
- no Rh-antibodies in plasma
85
Rh incompatible blodd tranfusion
Rh-negative person (recipient) receives a blood transfusion
from an Rh-positive person (donor) > Rh-antigens sensitize immune system of recipient > Rh-antigens sensitize > person receives another transfusion with Rh-positive blood, Rh-antibodies from recipient’s blood will react with Rh- antigens from donor
86
abnormal clumping of cells
agglutination
87
complete breakdown of RBC
hemolysis
