- paracrine glands, e.g. prostaglandins - autocrine gland, e.g. interleukins - exocrine glands, e.g. sweat glands

- amines: amino acids - peptides: groups of amino acids - proteins: much longer than peptides - glycoproteins: carbs and protein all are water soluble

A&P Chapter 16: Flashcards by Karla Villarreal

Hormones

paracrine glands, e.g. prostaglandins
autocrine gland, e.g. interleukins
exocrine glands, e.g. sweat glands

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secrete their products into the body fluid (tissue fluid)

paracrine glands

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paracrine glands products affects only the surrounding cells

prostaglandins

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secretion affects only the secreted cells

autocrine glands, some interleukins

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secrete their products into a duct

exocrine glands

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excrine glands ducts transport the secreted products

sweat glands

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are considered to be endocrine secretion that produce local hormones

paracrine and autocrine secreations

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steroid (or steroid like substances) hormones

are lipid soluble

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non-steroid hormones

amines: amino acids
peptides: groups of amino acids
proteins: much longer than peptides
glycoproteins: carbs and protein
all are water soluble

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complex lipid substance

steroid hormones

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derive from chloesterol

steroid hormones

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these are lipid soluble compound; easily diffuse through the cell membrane

steroid hormone

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combine with the receptors inside the nucleus and activate specific genes to synthesize specific proteins

steroid hormone

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such proteins produce special effects or functions – which are the hormonal functions

steroid hormone

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vitamin – D is a modified steroid that can be converted into a
hormone (Dihydroxycholecalceferol) to promote absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gut

steroid hormone

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examples of steroid hormones

androgen and estrogen

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fat soluble hormones

steroid hormone

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process of steroid hormones

Hormone passes through the cell membrane → passes through the cytoplasm → passes through the nuclear membrane → binds to a hormone receptor → binds to the DNA → activates gene →
protein synthesis → Protein action is the hormonal action

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water soluble hormones

non-steroid hormones

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process of non-steroid hormones

hormones bind to receptor and activate G-protein (hormone is the first messanger→ G protein activates enzyme (Adenylate Cyclase) → adelylate cyclase converts ATP into c-AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) (c-AMP is the 2nd messager) → AMP activates set of enzymes (protein kinases) → Ca2+ is the 3rd messenger

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also produced from the adrenal medulla form the amino acids

amines
e.g. triiodothyronine (T-3), thyroxine (T-4)

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mostly produced from the hypothalamus and posterior part of the pituitary gland

peptide hormones
e.g. anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): contrict blood vessels blood pressure increase

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mostly y produced from anterior part of the pituitary gland and the parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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there are paracrine secretions; can inflame organs

prostaglandins

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these are lipids

prostaglandin

produced by the cells in the liver, kidney, heart, lungs, thymus, pancreas, brain, reproductive organs

prostaglandins

secretions regulate surrounding cells

prostaglandins

actions of hormones

- hormones function by altering metabolic processes - hormones may reach various different cells in the body, but only binds to the receptors of the target cells - these receptors are protein and glycoprotein molecules

insufficient secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary during childhood

dwarfism

over secreton of GH; over secretion can be associated with pituitary tumor

gigantism

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) helps kidney tubules to reabsorb water from kidney filtrate. Inadequate ADH receptors (or defective receptors) of kidney tubule cells cause excessive urine production

diabetes insipidus

overactive thyroid functions; causing high metabolic rate, hyperactivity, weight loss, heat sensitivity, goiter, etc.

hyperthyroidism (grave disease)

under active thyroid functions; causing low metabolic rate, hypoactivity or sluggishness, mental dullness, weight gain, cold sensitivity, etc.

hypothyroidism

occurs due to an iodine deficiency

simple goiter

diabetes mellitus type 1

- also called Juvenile-onset - diabetes or Insulin - dependent Diabetes - appears before age 20 - caused by low insulin production - treatment by insulin supplement

diabetes mellitus type 2

- non-insulin dependent - milder form - typically appears after age 40 - cells lose insulin receptors thus can not respond to insulin - treatment: exercise, avoid carbohydrate, etc.

controls ACTH secretion (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

releasing hormone (LHRH)); stimulates FSH and LH production (follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH))

controls GH secretion (growth hormone)

Somatostatin (SS,) (Growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone (GIH))

controls PRL secretion (prolactin)

Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

stimulates PRL secretion (prolactin)

Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)

controls TSH secretion (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

controls hormone secretion from adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/(Corticotropin * anterior pituitary

egg development, stimulation of follicular cells to produce estrogen

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/ (Follitropin) * anterior pituitary

cell growth and division

Growth hormone (GH)/(Somatotropin (STH)) * anterior pituitary

necessary for androgens (male hormones) production

Luteinizing hormone (LH) (Lurtopin, Intestinal cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)) * anterior pituitary

prolactin (PRL)

- breast devlopment - milk production - decreases LH secretion males * anterior pituitary

controls hormone secretion from the thyroid gland

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)/(Thyrotropin) * anterior pituitary

stimulates melanin synthesis

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) * anterior pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/(Vasopressin)

- kidney water reabsorption - vasoconstriction * posterior pituitary

Oxytocin (OT)

- antidiuretic - uterine contraction - contraction of cells that produce and eject milk * posterior pituitary

lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels

calcitonin

thyroxin (T-4); triiodothyronine (T-3)

- helps normal development of the nervous system - increases metabolism - increases protein synthesis and lipid breakdown

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/(Parathormone)

- increases blood calcium - decreases blood phosphate - phosphate excretion and calcium retention by kidney - calcium absorption gut (indirectly) * parathyroid gland

same as epinephrine (adrenaline)

Norepinephrine (NE)/(Noradrenalin) *parathyroid gland

aldosterone

- excretion of potassium - conservation of sodium and water by kidney to maintain blood pressure * adrenal cortex

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

- protein synthesis inhibition - formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate * adrenal cortex

supplement the hormones produced by the gonads (males and females)

adrenal sex hormones * adrenal cortex

glucagon

- stimulates the liver to produce glucose - increases blood glucose - breaks down fats * pancreas

insulin

- movement of glucose - through cell membrane - glucose and fat storage - promotes protein synthesis * pancreas

inhibits insulin and glucagon release

somatostatin * pancreas

regulated day/nigh cycle

melatonin * pineal gland

helps maturation of T-cells

thymosin * thymus

development of secondary sexual characteristics

estrogen * ovaries

controls cyclical changes in the uterus and the breast

progesterone * ovaries

placenta

- estrogens - progesterone - gonadotropins ( are the FSH and LH)

produces testosterone

testes