Chapter 21

Question 1

antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth

Answer 1

defensins

Question 2

exposed to foreign substances secrete
pyrogens (proteins)

Answer 2

leukocytes and macrophages

Question 3

affects multiple organs

Answer 3

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Question 4

cause hyperthyroidism

Answer 4

graves’ disease

Question 5

such as stellate macrophages of liver tissue and microglia of brain tissue also fight tissue infections

Answer 5

phagocytic process

Question 6

are skin and mucous membranes, along with their secretions

Answer 6

surface barriers

Question 7

they function as B cell receptor

Answer 7

IgD

Question 8

B lymphocytes

Answer 8

• are activated when antigens bind to surface receptor
• plasma cells produce antibodies at rate about 200 molecules per second for 4 to 5 days, then they die

Question 9

ability to stimulate proliferation of specific
lymphocytes

Answer 9

immunogenticity

Question 10

provide similar mechanical barriers

Answer 10

mucosal lining

Question 11

in inflammatory chemical release, chemicals are released into injured tissues

Answer 11

histamine released by mast cells key inflammatory chemical

Question 12

develop from monocytes and are the most robust group of phagocytic cells

Answer 12

macrophages

Question 13

neutrophils flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells to move into interstitial spaces

Answer 13

diapedesis

Question 14

are toxic to some bacteria

Answer 14

lipids in sebum and dermcidin in sweat

Question 15

five major classes:

Answer 15

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE

Question 16

destroys joints

Answer 16

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 17

neutralization

Answer 17

• simplest but most effective mechanism
• antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins forming antigen-antibody complexes
• this prevents antigens from binding to receptors on cells
• antigens-antibody complexes are then removed by phagocytosis

Question 18

immunological memory

Answer 18

• between 3 to 6 days
• peaks levels of plasma antibody are reached in 10 days
• antibody evels peak in 2 to 3 days

Question 19

(antibody-mediated) immunity

Answer 19

humoral

Question 20

such as alveolar macrophage cells wander through tissue
and fight infection

Answer 20

free macrophages

Question 21

large, chemically simple molecules (such as plastics) have little or no immunogenicity

Answer 21

antigenic determinants

Question 22

made up of two systems:

Answer 22

innate and adaptive

Question 23

ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies

Answer 23

reactivity

Question 24

fuses with lysosome, forming phagolysosome

Answer 24

phagosome

Question 25

they can form tumor-like growths

Answer 25

granulomas

Question 26

innate

Answer 26

- this is a nonspecific defense system - makes first and second lines of defense against pathogens or microorganisms - it is a fast response system

Question 27

peptide molecules produced by neutrophils also help piercing pathogen membranes

Answer 27

defensins

Question 28

these are agglutinating agent

Answer 28

IgM

Question 29

they help prevent entry of pathogens

Answer 29

IgA

Question 30

neutrophils are released from bone marrow

Answer 30

leukocytosis

Question 31

antibodies are grouped into ---

Answer 31

monomer, dimer, and pentamer

Question 32

antigens can be a complete antigen or ---

Answer 32

hapten (incompete)

Question 33

formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

Answer 33

artificially acquried

Question 34

destroys pancreatic cells

Answer 34

type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 35

complements consist of about ---

Answer 35

20 blood proteins

Question 36

TLRs release

Answer 36

cytokines

Question 37

adaptives

Answer 37

- it is slow response mechanism - innate and adaptives defenses are interconnected

Question 38

are non-phagocytic large granular lymphocytes can kill cancer and virus-infected cells before adaptive immune system is activated

Answer 38

natural killer (NK) cells

Question 39

- make 75-85% of antibodies in plasma - involved in late primary to secondary responses

Answer 39

IgG

Question 40

eosinophils bind to IgE and release their toxic contents onto prey, lysing it from the outside

Answer 40

parasitic infections by worms

Question 41

formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection

Answer 41

naturally acquried

Question 42

they cause mast cells and basophils to release histamine

Answer 42

IgE

Question 43

agglutination

Answer 43

- antibodies can bind to two different antigens at the same - this allows for antigen-antibody complexes to be cross-linked into large clumps

Question 44

antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic and other cells to inhibit spread of invaders

Answer 44

second line of defense

Question 45

sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms

Answer 45

mucin

Question 46

precipitation

Answer 46

- soluble molecules (instead of cells) are cross-linked into complexes - complexes precipitate out of solution and then phagocytosed

Question 47

proteins attack microorganisms directly or affect their ability to reproduce

Answer 47

interferons (IFNs)

Question 48

mobilizes macrophages and NK cells

Answer 48

IFN-y

Question 49

inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents to attract neutrophils into the injured area

Answer 49

chemotaxis

Question 50

is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

Answer 50

keratin

Question 51

acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth; called acid mantle

Answer 51

acid

Question 52

(cell-mediated) immunity

Answer 52

cellular

Question 53

macrophages

Answer 53

- widely distributed in connective tissues and lymphoid organs - activated macrophages transform into phagocytic killer T-cells - also trigger inflammatory responses to trigger additional defenses

Question 54

complement fixation

Answer 54

- this a major antibody defense against cellular antigens (bacteria, mismatched RBCs) - several antibodies are bound close together on same antigen leading to cell lysis

Question 55

lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms; enzymes and acid in stomach kill many microorganism

Answer 55

enzymes

Question 56

are the most abundant phagocytic cells but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material

Answer 56

neutrophils

Question 57

external body membranes (skin and mucosae)

Answer 57

first line of defense

Question 58

raising body temperature

Answer 58

pyrogens act on hypothalamus (body’s thermostat)

Question 59

dendritic cells

Answer 59

- found in connective tissues and epidermis - effectively phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues

Question 60

endothelial cells of capillaries in inflamed area produce cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). CAMs attach to neutrophils, causing them to slow down and stick to blood vessel wall

Answer 60

margination

Question 61

some pathogens are not killed with acidified lysosomal enzymes

Answer 61

tuberculosis bacteria

Question 62

vasodilation causes hyperemia --- leading to redness and heat

Answer 62

hyperemia (excess blood supply)

Question 63

impairs nerve-muscle connections

Answer 63

myasthenia gravis

Question 64

damages kidney

Answer 64

glomerulonephritis

Question 65

is a specific defense mechanism to destroy pathogens or abnormal cells

Answer 65

adaptive immune system

Question 66

are molecules that are too small and not immunogenic (not causing immune response)

Answer 66

incomplete antigens (haptens)

Question 67

destroys white matter myelin

Answer 67

multiple sclerosis