A&P: Nervous System Flashcards by Abigail Interrante

List 3 main function of the NS

RECIEVE, DECIDE, REACT (Sensory, Integrative, Motor)

Monitors internal/external environemen
Integrates sensory information
Coordinates voluntary/involuntary responses of other organ systems

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Name the different divisions the NS can be divided into. (Hint: draw out flowchart). Include any extra information about each division

NS
- CNS: brain/spinal cord
- PNS: cranial nerves/spinal nerves
-> SNS: voluntary control
-> ANS: involuntary control
-»SANS: fight/flight
-»PANS: rest/digest

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What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

neuron

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What do electrical signals pass through for communication that usually consists of a dendrite, cell body, and axon?

neurons

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Define: Nerve

bundles of axons

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What is defined as electrical changes along a nerve cell membrane

action potential

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What is defined as the space between a neuron and the cell(s) that it communicates with

synapse

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What are the three main parts to a neuron?

dendrite
cell body (soma)
axon

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List the direction a nerve impulse travels through a neuron

dedrite -> soma (cell body) -> axon -> axon terminal

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Define: Neuroglia

cells that support the neuron

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What is defined as insulation covering of axons that allows for increased speed of an action potential

myelin sheath

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What is defined as chemical messengers that convey the information in the synapse

neurotransmitters

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What are gaps between the myelin sheath ?

nodes of ranvier

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What part of the neuron are neutrotransmitters relased from?

axon terminals

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Name the 5 types of neuroglia and know the function of each

Astrocytes: maintain BBB (blood-brain barrier)
Oligodendrocytes: create myelin sheath in CNS
Schwann cells: create myelin sheath in PNS
Microglia: phagocytes derived from WBC that engul pathogens in CNS
Ependymal cells: line fluid filled cavities in CNS and make CSF (cerbrospinal fluid)

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What is CSF and the function of CSF (cerbrospinal fluid)?

fluid in subarachnoid space and brain ventricles that act as a shock absorber and circulates nutrients

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List the 4 major regions of the brain. Include substructures if necessary

Cerebrum: divided into L and R hemispheres; divided by a longitudinal fissure

Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalmus

Brain Stem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

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Be able to label major structures of the brain. Refer to Nervous System notes

refer to NS notes

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The ____ are three layers of membranes that protect the CNS (brain and spinal cord).

Meninges

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Name the different layers of the meninges. Describe each one

Dura Mater: outermost layer, tough, contains BV
Arachnoid Mater: weblike, underneath is subarachnoid space that contains CSF
Pia Mater: innermost, delicate

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How many lobes is the cerebrum divided into? What are the names of these lobes. Know /be able to label location of each

4 lobes
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe

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The left and right hemispheres of the brain are divided by the __________ __________

longitudinal fissure

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What structure of the brain does information pass between the left and right hemispheres?

Corpus Callosum

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The surface of cerebrum is called the ______ ________ and it is made of ________ ________ (___________)

cebebral cortex
gray matter (unmyelinated)

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The cerebral cortex has ______ (grooves) and ________ (bulges)

sucli (grooves) gyri (bulges; increase surface area of brain tissue)

What part of the brain controls conscious thought (reasoning, intelligence), voluntary movement, and sensory processing?

Cerebrum

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for intellectual function (concentration, planning, problem solving) and voluntary movement?

frontal lobe

Which lobe of the cerebrum contains areas that recieve sensory information from the skin?

parietal lobe

Which lobe of the cerebrum has areas responsible for hearing?

temporal

Which lobe of the cerebrum has areas responsible for vision?

occipital lobe

What are two parts of the diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

What acts as a selective gateway for all senses, EXCEPT SMELL? (this means that it ignores sensations that arent necessary)

thalamus

What part of the brain maintains controls hormones and maintains homeostasis through autonomic nervous system regulation. These autonomic innervations control hunger, sleep, heart rate, BP, etc.

Hypothalamus

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

midbrain pons medulla oblongata

What part of the brain is in charge of visual and auditory processing? It also helps maintain conciousness

Midbrain

What part of the brain relays information to and from the medulla oblongata and cerebrum? It can also help maintain rate of involuntary breathing

Pons

What part of the brain is primarily responsibel for controling heart rate, blood breassure, depth of breathing? It also contains nonvital reflex centers such as swallowing and vomitting

Medulla oblongata

What part of the brain coordinates balance, posture, skm movement, and recievies sensory information regarding body parts?

Cerebellum

Define: Efferent neurons (motor neurons)

motor nerves that carry info from the CNS out to effectors (glands and muscles)

Define: Afferent neurons (sensory neurons)

Sensory nerves that carry messages toward the CNS

Define: Interneurons

neurons inside the CNS that are between the sensory and motor neurons that are involved in processing and interpreting information

What is defined as the area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

dermatone

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Pupils dilate

Sympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Increase HR

sympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Airways dilate

sympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Stimulates sweat glands to secrete sweat

sympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Liver increases conversion of glycogen to glucose

sympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Decrease in digestive activity

sympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Stimulate production of adrenaline

sympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Relaxes bladder wall muscles, but contracts bladders spincter muscles to retain urine

sympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Pupils constrict

parasympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Decrease in HR

Parasympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Airways constrict

parasympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Contraction of gallbladder

parasympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Contracts bladder wall muscles but relaxes bladders spincheter miscles to release urine

parasympathetic

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic? Releaxes urethral spincter

parasympathetic

Compare white matter from grey matter

white matter: groups of myelinated axons grey matter: unmyelinated

What is the name of the neuron that brings the nerve impulse to the synapse

presynaptic neuron

What is the name of the neuron that recieves signals from a presynaptic neuron at a synapse?

postsynaptic neuron

Compare the electrical charge of a neuron between the outside and inside

Inside: more negative Outside: more positive

# ele Which ions create the cell membrane potential?

Sodium and Potassium via the sodium-potassium pump

What is the resting membrane potential?

-70mV is the electrical charge difference when the neuron is NOT sending a signal

What is depolarization?

phase in AP where the cells normally negative membrane potential becomes less negative, reaching a positive value

What is repolarization?

phase of AP where membrane potential returns to resting negative value after depolarization

How is depolarization related to an AP?

When a neuron is depolarizing, it is able to reach a threshold that triggers the AP When this happens, The AP generated and leads to propagation of a nerve impulse alone the neurons axon

A certain type of nerve cell can be described as a bridge between afferent and efferent nerves. Which term describes this type of nerve? - Unipolar - Bipolar - Pseudo-unipolar - Multipolar

multipolar

A person on a hike comes face to face with a large bear, causing them to become frightened. Which structure within the brain makes them feel? - amygdala - hippocampus - medulla oblongata - thalamus

amygdala

Recognized as the aggression center, areas of this region produces feelings such as anger, violence, fear, and anxiety.

amygdala (limbic system)

This helps convert short-term memory to long-term memory. If the this thing is destroyed, new memories cannot be formed but old memories are retained.

hippocampus