A&P: Introduction to A&P

Question 1

Compare the definition of Anatomy vs Physiology

Answer 1

Anatomy: Study of structure
Physiology: Study of function

Question 2

_________ determines ___________

Answer 2

Structure determines function

Question 3

List the levels of organization from least to most complex

Answer 3

Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism

Question 4

List the 4 tissue types

Answer 4

• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissuee

Question 5

Describe: Epithelial Tissue
(Include: Location, Characteristics, Examples, MISC)

Answer 5

Location:

• Cover body surface and organs (ex: skin cells that divide rapidly)
• Forms inner lining of body cavities
• Lines hollow organs
• Major tissue that makes up glands

Characteristics:

• Tightly packed
• Divide quickly
• Lack BV

FXN:

• x

Examples/Types:

• Epidermis (Straitified Squamous)

MISC:

• Basement membrane anchors epithelial tissue (epidermis) to underlying tissue

Question 6

Describe: Connective Tissue
(Include: Location, Characteristics, FXN, Examples)

Answer 6

Location:

• Underneath epithelial tissue
• Adipose tissue (fat) under skin
• Cartilage between bones
• Tendons (MtB) and Ligaments (BtB)
• Bone
• Blood

Characteristics:

• Cells further apart (compared to epithelial)
• Lots of extracellular matrix surrounding the cells

FXN:

• Stores fat
• Produce blood cells
• Holds structures together
• Provide support and protection
• Repair tissue damage

Examples/Types:

• Dermis + Hypodermis
• Adipose (Adipocytes)
• Blood
• Cartilage (Chondrocytes)
• Compact Bone (Osteoblast-/clasts)
• Collagen Fibers (Fibroblast)

MISC:

• x

Question 7

What is the most common cell found in Connective Tissue and what do they do?

Answer 7

Fibroblast: secrete protein for extracellular matrix/ground substance

Question 8

Describe: Muscle Tissue
(Include: Characteristics, FXN, Examples)

Answer 8

Location:

• x

Characteristics:

• Contractile (can shorten)

FXN:

• Movement/Posture
• Heat production

Examples/Types:

• Skeletal Muscle
  -> Voluntary, striated
• Cardiac Muscle
  -> Involuntary, striated w intercalated disks
• Smooth Muscle
  -> Involuntary, no striations

MISC:

• x

Question 9

Describe: Nervous Tissue
(Include: Location, FXN)

Answer 9

Location:

• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nerves

Characteristics:

• x

FXN:

• Conduct nerve impulses
• Receive sensory information

Examples/Types:

• x

MISC:

• x

Question 10

Homeostatis is the matience of a stable _____ environment. It is regulated through: ____________ __________ _______ and __________ ______ ________

Answer 10

internal

negative feedback loop

positive feedback loop

Question 11

Compare the negative feedback loop to the positive feedback loop. Provide some examples

Answer 11

Negative FB Loop:
- Homeostatic mechanisms where the stimulus is reversed
- Ex: Body temperature, Blood glucose levels

Positive FB Loop:
- Homeostatic mechanism where the stimulus is increase until event ends
- Ex: Labor contractions, Blood clotting, Lactation

Question 12

Above/Below

Answer 12

Superior/Inferior

Question 13

The forehead is _______ to the chin

Answer 13

superior

Question 14

The umbilicus is ______ to the sternum

Answer 14

inferior

Question 15

Near/Far from fixed point

Answer 15

Proximal/Distal

Question 16

The elbow is ______ to the wrist

Answer 16

proximal

Question 17

The wrist is _______ to the elbow

Answer 17

distal

Question 18

Toward/Away from the middle

Answer 18

Medial/Lateral

Question 19

The sternum is ________ to the shoulder

Answer 19

medial

Question 20

The lungs are _______ to the heart

Answer 20

lateral

Question 21

Front/Back of body

Answer 21

Anterior OR Ventral /Posterior OR Dorsal

Question 22

The abdomen is _____ to the vertebral column

Answer 22

anterior

Question 23

The gluteal region is ______ to the pubic region

Answer 23

posterior

Question 24

Closer/Farther from the surface

Answer 24

Superficial/Deep

Question 25

The epidermis is _____ to the dermis

Answer 25

superficial

Question 26

The hypodermis is ______ to the dermis

Answer 26

deep

Question 27

Closer to the head/tail(bone)

Answer 27

Cephalic/Caudal

Question 28

Know/label of anatomical landmarks

Answer 28

refer to A&P notes OR AP intro flashcards starting from 33 - 67

Question 29

Name the 3 body planes and know how it divides the body. Be able to identify this on a picture

Answer 29

**Coronal/Frontal Plane** - anterior/posterior portions **Sagittal Plane** - left/right portions **Transverse/Cross-Sectional Plane** - superior/inferor portions

Question 30

Label Dorsal and Ventral body cavities and know the names of each cavity contained within those, as well as organs

Answer 30

refer to labaling on A&P notes

Question 31

What is the name of the structure that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Answer 31

diaphragm

Question 32

Where are parietal serous membranes found?

Answer 32

line walls of thoracic and abdominal cavities and fold back to cover the organs within those cavities

Question 33

Where are visceral serous membranes found?

Answer 33

lines organs (visceral pleural membrane coverss ouside of lungs)

Question 34

Where is serous fluid found and what is the function?

Answer 34

between parietal and visceral serous membranes to provide lubrication between organ and wall of the cavity

Question 35

A gland that secretes its products into ducts that open onto surfaces, like the skin or lining of the digestive tract

Answer 35

exocrine gland

Question 36

A gland that secretes its products into the blood or tissue fluid

Answer 36

endocrine gland