Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

TEAS7 > A&P: Endocrine System > Flashcards

A&P: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is defined as a chemical messenger of the endocrine system that is carried to target cells which have receptors for those specific chemical messengers?

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

A

produce/secrete hormones that help the bodys tissues communicate with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Both the nervous system and the endocrine systems are used for communication. How do they differ?

A

In the NS, signals are sent along neruons and travel FAST; chemical signals = NT

In endocrine system, signals are sent through bloodstream and are SLOWER; chemical signal = hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F: Hormone are unable to be target specific because they lack specific target cells receptors

A

False, hormones are target specific and have specific target cell receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the structure of a steriod hormone?

A

Complex ring of C and H atoms that are derived from cholesterol

Steriod homrones is Cholesterol (starting material), which differentitaes into other steroid hormones (progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 5 examples of hormones that are chemically classified as steroid hormones

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone (androgen)
Progesterone
Estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe an Amine Hormone

A

Hormones derived of amino acids (tyrosine/tryptophan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 3 examples of Amine Hormones and know what AA they are derived from

A
  • Norepinephrine and epinephrine (tyrosine)
  • Serotonin (tryptophan)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe a protein hormone

A

contains long chaings of amino acid that fold into 3D shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 2 examples of Protein Hormones

A
  • FSH (glycoprotein)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe a peptide hormone

A

contain short chain of AA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give 2 examples of a Peptide Hormone

A

insulin
prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is described as a lipid based substance that affects neighboring cells (paracrnie substances)

A

prostaglandin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior and posterior lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What part of the brain controls the pituitary?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The _____ links the endocrine system to the nervous system

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

A

the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones or inhibitory hormones that control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary

A

nerve impulses from the hypothalamus controls the release of posterior pituitary hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the 9 hormones that is released from the hypothalamus. Know which ones control the anterior/posterior pituitary

A

Control Anterior Pituitary:

  • Gonadotrpoing releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
  • Prolactin release inhibiting hormone/dopamine (PIH)
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • GH inhibiting hormone/Somatostasin (GHIH/SS)

Control Posterior Pituitary:

  • Antidiuretic homrone/Vasopressin (ADH)
  • Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the 6 hormones that are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

FLAT PiG

  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thryoid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Prolacting (PRL)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of GHIH and PIH/Dopamine? Where are these hormones secreted?

A

These hormones are secreted by the Hypothalamus.

GHIH = inhibits release of GH from Anterior Pituitary
PIH = inhibits release of Prolactin from Anterior Pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe: FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Anterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • GnRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release FSH (+ LH)

Target Organ

  • Ovaries/Testes

Effects

  • Development of follicles (that house eggs in ovaries)
  • Stimulate follicles to secrete estrogen
  • Stimulate production of sperm in testes (Sertoli cells)

Overall Pathway Recap

  • GnRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel FSH ( Anterior Pituitary) -> Ovaries/Testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe: LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Anterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • GnRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release LH (+ FSH)

Target Organ

  • Ovaries/Testes (Leydig cells in testes)

Effects

  • Secretion of sex hormone (both sexes)
  • Ovulation in females

Overall Pathway Recap

  • GnRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel LH ( Anterior Pituitary) -> Ovaries/Testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe: ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Anterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • CRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release ACTH

Target Organ

  • Adrenal cortex (outside layer of adrenal gland)

Effects

  • Stimulate release of certain hormones in adrenal cortex

Overall Pathway Recap

  • CRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel ACTH (Anterior Pituitary) -> Adrenal Cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe: **TSH** (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Anterior Pituitary **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - TRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release TSH **Target Organ** - Thyroid Gland **Effects** - Stimulate release of thyroid hormones (T4, T3) - Stimulate growth of thyroid gland **Overall Pathway Recap** - TRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel TSH (Anterior Pituitary) -> target Thyroid Gland
26
Describe: **PRL** (Prolactin) Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Anterior Pituitary **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - PRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release PRL **Target Organ** - Mammary Gland **Effects** - Milk production/secretion - Development mammary glands **Overall Pathway Recap** - PRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel PRL (Anterior Pituitary) -> target Mammary Gland
27
Describe: **GH** (Growth Hormone) Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Anterior Pituitary **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - GHRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release GH **Target Organ** - Muscle + Bone **Effects** - Stimulate cells to enlarge/divide = growth **Overall Pathway Recap** - GHRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel GH (Anterior Pituitary) -> target Muscle + Bone
28
Describe: **ADH** (Antidiuretic Hormone) Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Posterior Pituitary **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - High blood concentration of solutes (high osmolality)/low BV/BP **Target Organ** - Kidneys - Smooth muscles of arterioles (BV) **Effects** - Kidney increase H2O reabsorbtion (reduce water secretion) - Vasoconstriction (= increase BV/BP) **Overall Pathway Recap** - ADH (prod Hypothalamus) -> stored in Posterior Pituitary -> target Kidne
29
Describe: **Oxytocin** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Posterior Pituitary **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Stretch of uterine wall - Stimulation of breasts **Target Organ** - Uterine smooth muscle - Mammary Glands **Effects** - Uterine Contraction - Milk release/secretion (milk let-down) **Overall Pathway Recap** - Oxytocin (prod Hypothalamus) -> stored in Posterior Pituitary -> target Uterine smooth muscle/Mammary Glands
30
What is the function of the Pineal Gland? (What hormone does it produce, what stimualtes it to be produced, target?, and what is the effect of that hormone)
- **Produces**: Melatonin - **Stimualted**: secreted when eyes detect low light - **Target**: Brain - **Effect**: regulate daily wake and sleep rhythm
31
List 3 hormones secreted by the Thyroid Gland
T4 (thyroxine) T3 (triiodothyronine) Calcitonin
32
What is the difference between T4 and T3?
T4 (thyroxine): Inactive form, more iodine atoms (4) T3 (triiodothryonine): Active form, fewer iodine atoms (3)
33
Which element is important for thyroid function? Why?
Iodine because T4 and T3 incorporate iodine into their structure
34
Describe: **T4 (Thryoxine) AND T3 (Triiodothyronine)** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Thyroid Gland **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - TSH (Anterior Pituitary) **Target Organ** - Most cells **Effects** - Increases metabolism/rate of energy consumption
35
Describe: **Calcitonin** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Thyroid Gland **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Secretion stimulated by HIGH blood Ca2+ levels **Target Organ** - Bone - Kidneys **Effects** - Inhibit osteoclast (no osteoclast = no Ca2+ rel) - Stimulate osteoblasts (use up Ca2+ = decrease Ca2+ in body) - Increase Ca2+ secretion in kidneys (rid Ca2+)
36
Describe the location of the parathyroid glands
4 small glands embedded on posterior side of thyroid gland
37
What hormone is release by the Parathryoid gland? What stimulates its production? What organ(s) does it target and what are the effects?
**Hormone**: PTH (Parathyroid Homrone) **Production Stimulated**: Low Blood Ca2+ Levels **Target**: Bone and Kidneys **Effects**: - Stimulate osteoclast (BD/resorb bone = release Ca2+) - Inhibit osteoblast (do not use up Ca2+ = more Ca2+ availiable) - Stimulate Ca2+ reabsorbing in kidneys
38
Which hormone is in a negative feedback loop with calcitonin?
PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
39
What are the two hormones that regulate calcium ion homeostasis?
Calcitonin (Thyroid) PTH (Parathryoid)
40
Be able to explain the homeostatic regulate of Calcium
IF Ca2+ is too high, thryoid gland is stimulated to produce Calcitonin in an attempt to lower blood Ca2+ levels. Calcitonin will target the bone to stimulate Ca2+ deposition via osteoblasts and reduce activity of osteoclasts. It will also target the kidneys to reduce Ca2+ uptake so that it can be excreted as urine. IF Ca2+ is too low, the parathyroid gland is stimulated to produce PTH in an attempt to raise blood Ca2+ levels. PTh will target the bone to stimulate Ca2+ release via osteoclasts and reduce activity of osteoblasts. It will also target the kidneys to uptake Ca2+ to increase Ca2+ levels.
41
Describe the location of the adrenal glands
adrenal gland sits on top of the kidneys
42
The adrenal cortex is divided into two parts know as the...
adrenal medulla (central portion) adrenal cortex (outer portion)
43
Which hormone(s) are released from the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
44
Describe: **Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Adrenal Medulla **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Stimulated by nerve signals from SANS (sympathetic NS) **Target Organ** Many Organs: - Heart - BV - Airways - Liver **Effects** Fight/Flight Effects: - ⬆HR - Dilated Airways - Liver breakdown glycogen to glucose (for E)
45
Describe: **Aldosterone** (**Mineralocorticosteroids**) Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Adrenal Cortex **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - High K+ levels - Secreted in presence of Angiotensin II (Renin-angiotensin system) during low BV/BP **Target Organ** - Kidneys **Effects** Works to increase BP/BV: - Kidney reabsorbe (conserve) Na+ and H2O (via osmosis) - Increase K+ secretion (excreted)
46
Describe: **Cortisol** (**Glucocorticosteroids**) Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Adrenal Cortex **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Secretion caused by ACTH from Anterior Pituitary **Target Organ** - All tissues **Effects** Metabolism: - Decreases protein synthesis - Increase FA (fatty acid) release - Convert glucose from noncarb sources
47
Describe: **Androgens** (**Sex Hormone**) Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Adrenal Cortex - **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - x **Target Organ** - Most tissue **Effects** - Stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics (converted into estrogen/testosterone before puberty/after menopause)
48
What 3 hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone (Mineralocorticosteroids), Cortisol (Glucocorticosteroids), Androgens (Sex Hormones)
49
What hormone is produced by the Thymus Gland? What organ does it target? What is the effect
**Hormone**: Thymosin **Targeted Organ**: Lymphatic tissue **Effect**: stimulate production of T cells
50
What 3 hormones that are produced by the pancreas?
insulin glucagon somatostatin/Growth Hormone IH (GHIH)
51
List the three types of cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
- alpha cells - beta cells - delta cells
52
Describe: **Insulin** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Beta cells of pancreatic islets in Pancreas **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - High Blood Glucose levels **Target Organ** - Liver - Adipose cells **Effects** - Decrease Blood Glucose levels by increasing diffusion of glucose across cell membranes and stimulate liver to convert glucose into glycogen
53
Describe: **Glucagon** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Alpha cells of pancreatic islets in Pancreas **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Low Blood Glucose levels **Target Organ** - Liver **Effects** - Increase Blood Glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose
54
Describe: **GHIH (Growth Hormone IH)/Somatostatin** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Delta cells of pancreatic islets in Pancreas **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Alpha and Beta cells in Pancreas **Target Organ** - x **Effects** - Inhibit secretion of glucagon and insulin to help regulate carbohydrates
55
Where is the thymus gland located?
mediastinum above the heart
56
Which hormone is secreted by the testes?
testosterone
57
What hormones are secreted by the ovaries?
estrogen (follicle cells, and corpus luteum) progesterone (corpus luteum)
58
List 3 hormones secreted by the placenta
- estrogen - progesterone - human chorionic gonadrotropin (hCG)
59
What hormone is secreted by the heart?
ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
60
Describe: **ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Heart **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Atrial wall stretches due to high BP **Target Organ** - Kidney - Adrenal Cortex **Effects** - Block release of renin from kidney and aldosterone from adrenal cortex = Promote loss of sodium ions and water = decrease BV/BP
61
Describe: **Testosterone** Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Testes (Leydig Cells) **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - x **Target Organ** - Bones - Muscle - Vocal Cords **Effects** - (Help) Maturation of Sperm - Male secondary sexual characteristics
62
Describe: **Estrogen** Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Follicle cells in Ovaries - Corpus Luteum **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - x **Target Organ** - Uterus - Adipose Tissue **Effects** - Follicle maturation - Female secondary characteristics - Regulate menstrual cycle
63
Describe: **Progesterone** Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Corpus Luteum in Ovaries - Placenta **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - x **Target Organ** - Uterus **Effects** - Maintains uterine wall (prep implantation) - Prevents contraction
64
Describe: **Erythropoietin (EPO)** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Kidneys (Liver too) **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Low O2 in blood **Target Organ** - Red bone marrow (Proerythroblast) **Effects** - Increase RBC production
65
Describe: **Gastrin** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Stomach - Upper Small Intestine **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Parasympathetic nerve fibers **Target Organ** - Gastric Glands **Effects** - Release gastric juices
66
Describe: **Cholecystokinin (CCK)** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Duodenum **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Arrival of fats/proteins to duodenum **Target Organ** - Gallbladder **Effects** - Stimulate releases bile from gallbladder - Slows down emptying of stomach content into small intestine
67
Describe: **Secretin** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Duodenum **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Response to acid in chyme **Target Organ** - pancreas **Effects** - Release pancreatic juice that contain bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid in chyme
68
Describe: **Intestinal somatostatin** Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Effects
**Where is it Secreted From?** - Intestinal cells **What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?** - Fats in small intestine **Target Organ** - x **Effects** - Inhibit release of gastric juice (-> slow down digestion)
69
A hormone produced by the kidneys triggers a process to retain or remove water or salt from blood to regulate blood pressure. Which hormone is this? - Renin - Aldosterone - Antidiuretic hormone - Angiotensin
renin
70
Which hormone stimulate the production of sperm in males and eggs in females? - LH - FSH - Estrogen - Testosterone
FSH

TEAS7 (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions