A & P UNIT 2 Flashcards by Lily Rabatoy

Histology

Study of Tissues

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Tissue

Group of cells

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Types of cell connections

Tight junction
Gap junction
Desmisome
Hemidesmosome

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Tight Junction

Use interlocking membrane proteins
both cells have the same membrane proteins

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Gap Junction

Use interlocking membrane proteins (Channels)
Allows Cell to communicate

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Desmisome

Use membrane proteins that are attached the the cytoskeleton
goes through the cell membrane; welded together

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Hemidesmisome

Attach the cell to a foundation/base
cell is anchored in place (stationary); attaches to cytoskeleton and basement protein

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Basement membrane

foundation in hemidesimose

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Epethielal Tissue

lines spaces in the body (where there is a hole)
Covers the body and forms the glands of the body

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Epithelial Characteristics

Lots of tightly packed cells
ALWAYS has one side exposed
Cells are highly mitotic (needed to be replaced frequently)
Cells exhibit polarity
Attached to basement membrane
Cells form layers/sheets
ALL epithelial is avascular

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Apade

Exposed side

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Avascular

Means no blood vessels

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What is epithelial classification based on?

Shape of cell
Cell arrangement

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Types of cell arrangments

Simple- single layer
pseudostratified- single layer that appears multilayered
stratisfied- multiple layers of cells
transitional- layers of cells that can change their appearance

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Types of cell shapes

squamous- flat
cuboidal- square
columnar-tall

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Types of covering & lining epethilial

Simple Squamous
Stratisfied Squamous
simple cuboidal
stratified cuboidal
transitional
simple columnar
stratified columnar
pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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Simple squamous

Single layer of flat cells
functions: Permeability and secretion
locations: blood vessels, kidneys, alveoli

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Stratified squamous

multiple layers of flat cells
functions: Protection
locations: esophagus, epidermis… anywher with direct contact outside

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Simple cuboidal

single layer of square cells
functions:absorption and secretion
locations: thyroid gland, kidney

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stratified cuboidal

multiple layers of square cells
functions: protection
locations: ducts of glands

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Transitional

multiple layers of square cells that can change their shape
functions: stretches and recoils
locations: uterus, bladder

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Simple columnar

single layer of tall cells
functions: absorption, secretion, protection
locations: stomach, small intestine, larger intestine…

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Stratified columnar (rare)

multiple layers of tall cells
functions: protection
locations: ducts of some glands

Psuedostratisfied ciliated columnar

single layer of tall cells that appear multi layered
cells have cillia
Usually has goblet cells

functions: secretion, protection
locations: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

Glandular epithelium

forms the glands secretes

Types of glands

endocrine exocrine

Exorine gland

has a duct that releases its secretions onto epithelial surface

Endocrine gland

does not have ducts releases secretion (hormones) into the blood

What are exocrine glands based on?

Type of secretion Mode of secretion Structure of the gland

Types of secretion

Serous- watery secretion (ex. saliva) Mucous- viscous secretion (ex. earwax) Mixed- watery and viscous secretion (ex. breast milk)

Mode of secretion (How they release secretion)

Merocrine- via exocytosis Apocrine- top 1/2 of cells fills with secrottory vesicles-> breaks off-> regenerates new 1/2 (REPEATS) Holocrine- cell fills with secretory vesicles and ruptures (lysis) everything releases

Structure of the glands

unicellular- a single cell (ex. goblet cell) multicellular: simple- unbranched (single) duct compound- branched (multiple) duct

Connective tissue

largest tissue supports, binds, connects, or separates other tissues and or organs

Connective Tissue Characteristics

not exposed cells are spaced apart area between cells is filled with matrix variety of cells vascular (except cartilage)

Matrix

ground substance protein fibers

Ground substance

H2O-> liquid hyaluronic acid-> slimey chondoitin sulfacte-> rubbery mineral salts-> solid

Protein fibers

Collagen-> strung and flexible (thick) elastic-> stretch and recoil reticular-> provides physical support (thin)

Variety of cells

_blasts _cyte

blasts

immature cell, makes up part of the matrix

cyte

mature cell, maintains the matrix

types of connective tissue

embryonic/fetal adult

types of embryonic/fetal tissue

mesenchyme Wharton's jelly

types of adult tissues

connective tissue proper cartilage ostious (bone) blood

mesenchyme connective tissue

contains undifferentiated connective tissue & stem cells develops into all adult types of connective tissues

Wharton's jelly connective tissue

protects the blood vessels in the umbilical cord has a lot of hyaluronic acid

types of adult connective tissue proper

loose dense elastic

types of loose connective tissue proper

areolar adipose reticular

loose connective tissue proper

alot of cells protein fibers are loosely packed

areolar CT

CELLS: fibroblasts & macrophages PROTEIN FIBERS: all 3 types GROUND SUBSTANCE: hyaluronic acid LOCATIONS: around organs, under all epithelial tissues FUNCTIONS: reduces friction & protection

adipose CT

CELLS: adipocytes PROTEIN FIBERS: reticular LOCATION: around spinal cord, heart, kidneys, behind eyeballs, & mammory glands. Hypodermis & yellow bone FUNCTIONS: Protection, cushioning, insulation, & energy storage

Reticular CT

CELLS: fibroblasts PROTEIN FIBERS: reticular LOCATION: liver, spleen, & red bone marrow FUNCTIONS: provide physical support

dense connective tissue proper

less cells, lots of tightly packed protein fibers

types of dense connective tissue proper

dense regular dense irregular elastic

dense irregular CT

CELLS: fibroblasts PROTEIN FIBERS: collagen- LOCATION: tendons & ligaments FUNCTIONS: high tensile strength in a single direction

dense irregular CT

CELLS: fibroblasts PROTEIN FIBERS: collagen- LOCATION: heart valves, elura matter, perichondrium, periosteum & dermis FUNCTIONS: high tensile strength in all planes/directions

elastic CT

CELLS: fibroblasts PROTEIN FIBERS: a lot of elastic fibers tightly packed togetgher LOCATION: lungs, & major arteries FUNCTIONS: stretch and recoil