AAMC Fl 2 P/S Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
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iris
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the coloured part of the eye
composed of the constrictor and dilator pupillae
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lens (eye)
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lies right behind the iris
focuses the light onto the retina
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vitreous
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the gel like substance within the eye
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retina
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at the back of the eye
contains rods and cones
converts photons of light to electrical signals
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cones (eye)
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used for colour vision and sense fine detail
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rods (eyes)
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only sense light and dark (good for low light conditions)
low sensitivity to details and do not sense colour
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fovea (eye)
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has a high concentration of cones (no rods)
visual acuity is best at the fovea
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pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s (3)
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build-up of beta-amyloid plaques (extracellular)
neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular)
hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins
21
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which type of memory deteriorates first in AD?
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episodic memories formed later in life are forgotten first (they have less time to consolidate)
semantic memories are more impaired than procedural memory
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dependency ratio
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an age-based measurement takes people <14 and >65 who are not in the labour force, and compares that to # of people who are
Higher the ratio, more dependent people there are.
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Life Course Theory
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Age Stratification Theory
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social capital
the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively
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cultural capital
knowledge, education, and skills transmitted across generations
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what is the "silent generation"
the group of people born during the great depression (lower fertility rates at this time?)
older than the baby boomers
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Intersectionality
discrimination based on _multiple_ factors
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Social Stratification
a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, etc.
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meritocracy
a society where advancement up the social ladder is based on their own ability and achievements; everyone has equal opportunity (birth/parental background doesn't matter)
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plutocracy
a society that is ruled or controlled by people of great wealth or income
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absolute poverty vs relative poverty
**absolute poverty** → threatens survival (same no matter where you are in the world)
**relative poverty** → a % level below the median income of the country (will change depending on where you are in the world)
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marginal vs structural poverty
marginal poverty → when an individual can't find/keep a job
structural poverty → people are poor because of how society is structured rather than individual reasons
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primary group vs secondary group
primary group → closest members of the group to you, ex. in a wedding the bridesmaids/groomsmen
secondary groups → formal and business-like relationships; based on a limited purpose/goal; usually short term
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impression management
a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction
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front stage vs back stage self
front stage → when people are in a social setting Ex. someone watches baseball with friends even if he doesn’t like baseball. Manipulating how he’s seen to make friends.
Back stage – more private area of our lives, when act is over. You can be yourself.
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gentrification
the process where lower cost, lower income neighborhoods are taken over by those with higher income, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process
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Conflict theory
the idea that society is made of institutions that benefit the powerful and creates inequalities
there are opposing groups and power dynamics
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socialization
the life-long process of learning how to interact with others
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racialization
the processes by which a group of people is defined by their “race"
ascribing a race with a group (giving a group a name)
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stereotypes vs discrimination vs prejudice
**stereotypes** are cognitive (thoughts)
**prejudice** is affective (moods, attitudes)
**discrimination** is behavioural (actions)
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affective meaning
relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes
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structural functionalism
sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to each serve a function that together promote stability
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manifest vs latent functions
part of functionalism
**manifest functions** → the intended functions of institutions in society
**latent functions →** the unintended (often unrecognized) functions in social institutions and processes
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medicalization
when something that used to not be considered an “illness” now is and has become a “medical condition”
ex. anxiety
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the Hawthorne effect
when individuals modify their behaviour in response to their awareness of being observed
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the thomas theorem
“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”
when someones (subjective) interpretation of a situation leads to **an action**
ex. a judge _believes_ a person is guilty because he _looks suspiciou_s (believe something is real) and the judge ends up putting the individual behind bars (real in it's consequences).
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looking glass self
when people base their sense of self on how they believe others view them
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upward vs downward mobility
**upward mobility** → a positive change in a person's status, leads to a higher position
**downward mobility** → a negative change in a person's status, leads to a lower position
both are types of vertical mobility
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horizontal mobility
a change in occupation or lifestyle that remains within the same social class
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exchange mobility
he sociological concept that suggests society is made up of classes and that these classes maintain a relatively static number of people
if a certain number of people move upward from the middle class, an equal number is expected to move down from the upper class
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3 components of attitude
affective → emotional
behavioural → how we act or behave towards object/subject
cognitive → form thoughts/beliefs, and our knowledge
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Fundamental attribution error
the bias toward making dispositional (internal) attributions rather than situational attributions for the actions of others
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stereotype threat
the fear or anxiety of confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group
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selection bias
when groups are selected for research in such a way the randomization is not achieved
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retroactive vs proactive interference
retroactive interference → new learning impairs old info
proactive interference → old info impairs learning of new info
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dissonance
the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes
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modeling
when someone learns something via **imitation** alone
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latent learning
knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it
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retrograde vs anterograde amnesia
retrograde → can't remember the past
anterograde → can't form new memories
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dissociative disorder
the person avoids stress by escaping from their identity
may include multiple personalities, or lost memories for part of their lives
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conversion disorder
someone has unexplained symptoms affecting their voluntary motor control or sensory functions (ex. blindness or paralysis) that cannot be explained solely by a physical illness or injury
often result after trauma
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
refers to how someones native language affects their cognition
so if one language has only 1 word to encompass both green and blue, they will be worse at distinguishing between these 2 colours
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continuous reinforcement is a special case of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
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habituation
a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
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dispositional attributions
explains a persons behaviour based on the inherent being of that person (not their situation)
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agonists vs antagonists (neurotransmitters)
**agonists →** chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter (they bind to receptors and have the same effect as the normal neurotransmitters)
**antagonists** → somehow block a neurotransmitter from binding to its receptor
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what are Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development (w/ ages)
sensorimotor (0-2)
pre-operational (2-7)
concrete-operational (7-11)
formal-operational (11+)
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Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (w/ ages)
trust vs mistrust (0-1)
autonomy vs hame and doubt (1-3)
initiative vs guilty (3-6)
industry vs inferiority (6-12)
identity vs role confusion (12-20)
intimacy vs isolation (20-40)
generatively vs stagnation (40-65)
integrity vs repair (65+)
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Erikson's stages: trust vs mistrust (0-1)
## Footnote
**existential question?? what virtue is developed?**
can i trust the world?
hope
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Erikson's stages: initiative vs doubt (1-3)
## Footnote
**existential question?? what virtue is developed?**
is it okay to be me?
will
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Erikson's stages: initiative vs guilt (3-6)
## Footnote
**existential question?? what virtue is developed?**
is it okay for me to do, move, and act?
purpose
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Erikson's stages: industry vs inferiority (6-12)
## Footnote
**existential question?? what virtue is developed?**
can i make it in the world of people and things?
competency
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Erikson's stages: identity vs role confusion (12-20)
## Footnote
**existential question?? what virtue is developed?**
who am i? what can i be?
fidelity
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Erikson's stages: intimacy vs isolation (20-40)
## Footnote
**existential question?? what virtue is developed?**
can i love?
love
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Erikson's stages: generativity vs stagnation (40-65)
## Footnote
**existential question?? what virtue is developed?**
can i make my life count?
care
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Erikson's stages: integrity vs despair (65+)
## Footnote
**existential question?? what virtue is developed?**
is it okay to have been me?
wisdom
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Freud's psychosexual development
oral (0-1) → put everything in their mouth
anal (2-3) → potty training
phallic (3-6) → attachment to parent of opposite sex
latency (6-puberty) → peers are of the same sex
genital (puberty+) → sexual attraction begins
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groupthink
when the desire for group harmony or conformity results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome because people don't suggest alternatives
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self-serving bias
people view their own success based on internal factors, but view their failures as due to external factors
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response bias
the tendencies for survey participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions
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dominant hemisphere functions
LEFT (usually)
analytic functions → language, logic, math
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non dominant hemisphere
RIGHT (usually)
associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing (less prominent role in language)
creates holistic images
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analytical intelligence
completing academic problems and problem solving tasks
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creative intelligence
dealing with new problems and situations with a fresh solution
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interpersonal intelligence
being able to understand and interact with other people
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emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, manage, or assess the emotions of oneself or other
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escape vs avoidance learning
**escape learning →** the individual learn to perform a behaviour that will stop an adverse stimulus
**avoidance learning →** the individual doesn't have to DO anything, they just avoid the adverse stimulus
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shaping
using a series of successive reinforcement steps on a subject to get them progressively closer and closer to exhibiting a target behaviour
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generalization
something that occurs in classical conditioning
the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli
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acquisition
| (classical conditioning)
the (beginning) phase where the subject ACQUIRES the conditioned response
