Blueprint Half Length: B/B

Question 1

histones

Answer 1

provides structural support for chromosomes

Question 2

histone charge

Answer 2

positive

Question 3

DNA is —– (+/-) charge

Answer 3

negatively charged

Question 4

histone deacetylation

Answer 4

the histones wrap the DNA more tightly, which leads to less transcription or GENE SILENCING

Question 5

histone acetylation

Answer 5

results in gene expression

Question 6

histone methylation

Answer 6

results in gene silencing

m = “mutes”

Question 7

list the type of cells involved in the immune response

Answer 7

Question 8

white blood cells include:

Answer 8

Question 9

transfection

Answer 9

the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells

Question 10

cytokines

Answer 10

small proteins that signal growth or activity of immune system cells and blood cells

Question 11

tight junctions

Answer 11

protein complexes that form the semi-permeable connections between cells

a feature of epithelial barriers

Question 12

ploidy

Answer 12

refers to how many copies of each chromosome a cell has

Question 13

diploid

Answer 13

2n

two sets of chromosomes

Question 14

golgi apparatus function

Answer 14

to modify and package proteins for transport to their eventual destinations within the cell

Question 15

lysosome function

Answer 15

a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes

Question 16

nucleolus

Answer 16

the area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made

Question 17

centrioles

Answer 17

cylindrical organelles composed mainly of a protein called tubulin

help arrange the mitotic spindles during cell division

Question 18

the suffix -ose indicates what type of molecule

Answer 18

sugars (saccharides)

Question 19

what is the DNA backbone comprised of?

Answer 19

deoxyribose sugars connected via phosphate groups

Question 21

what is the part of DNA that gives it its negative charge?

Answer 21

the phosphate groups of the sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 21

acetylcholine

Answer 21

an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in voluntary muscle control, the parasympathetic nervous system, attention, and alertness

Question 22

gas chromatography

Answer 22

separates mixtures based primarily upon differences of boiling point and polarity

Question 23

mass spectrometry

Answer 23

used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of molecules by breaking the molecules into smaller ion fragments

Question 24

thin-layer chromatography

Answer 24

separates molecules based on affinity to the adsorbent layer (stationary phase) vs the eluent (mobile phase)

Question 25

size-exclusion chromatography

Answer 25

separates compounds based on their size; larger compounds exit first while smaller compounds exit later as they spend more time entering the pores of the packing

Question 26

antigen

Answer 26

the part of the foreign particle the elicits an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies

Question 27

antibody

Answer 27

part of the immune system that recognizes and binds to the antigens on foreing particles

Question 28

sympathetic nervous system physiological responses

Answer 28

"fight or flight" pupil dilation, increased heart rate, vasodilation in skeletal muscle, vasoconstriction in digestiive tract and inhibition of peristalsis

Question 29

normal physiological pH

Answer 29

7.4

Question 30

bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 30

Question 31

ph greate than 7 indicates ----

Answer 31

basic

Question 32

netural ph is ----

Answer 32

7

Question 33

ph less than 7 indicates -----

Answer 33

acidic

Question 34

Le Chatelier's Principle

Answer 34

if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium ex. if we remove product, the reaction will shift to convert more reactants into product

Question 35

which would cause acidosis (acidic blood)? | hypoventilation or hyperventilation

Answer 35

hypoventilation CO2 builds up in the body and is converted to [H+] (because of the bicarb buffer)

Question 36

alkalis

Answer 36

a subset of bases which can be dissolved in water

Question 37

list the lipid soluble vitamins

Answer 37

A, D, E, K

Question 38

list the water soluble vitamins

Answer 38

B, C

Question 39

poly-A tail

Answer 39

a long chain of adenine nucleotides that is added to a mRNA molecule during RNA processing to increase the stability of the molecule

Question 40

restriction enzymes

Answer 40

a protein that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end

Question 41

azide

Answer 41

Question 42

kinase

Answer 42

enzymes that add phosphates to other molecules

Question 43

list the 5 nitrogenous bases

Answer 43

Question 44

isomerase

Answer 44

enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another

Question 45

osmosis

Answer 45

the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration

Question 46

gallbladder function

Answer 46

stores and secretes bile into the small intestine

Question 47

two divisions of PNS

Answer 47

somatic vs autonomic | somatic = voluntary actions; autonomic = involuntary actions

Question 48

what is the colon?

Answer 48

the large intestine

Question 49

colon function

Answer 49

absorb water and electrolytes from the remaining waste

Question 50

3 divisions of the small intestine

Answer 50

Question 51

what type of molecule is insulin

Answer 51

a peptide hormone

Question 52

what are the 3 muscle types

Answer 52

Question 53

which muscle types are striated?

Answer 53

cardiac and skeletal muscle

Question 54

striated muscle

Answer 54

a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres

Question 55

which muscle types are multinucleated?

Answer 55

skeletal

Question 56

which muscles are innervated by the somatic nervous system?

Answer 56

skeletal muscles | somatic = voluntary

Question 57

which muscles are under autonomic control?

Answer 57

cardiac, smooth | autonomic = involuntary

Question 58

which branch of the PNS include the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 58

autonomic nervous system

Question 59

can cholesterol pass through the cell membrane via simple diffusion?

Answer 59

YES! it will even be embedded

Question 60

all steroid hormones are derivtives of what molecule?

Answer 60

cholesterol

Question 61

humoral immunity

Answer 61

the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules (as opposed to cells)

Question 62

2 basic divisions of the immune system

Answer 62

innate vs adaptive

Question 63

two divisions of the adaptive immune system

Answer 63

humoral & cell-mediated

Question 64

which cells are involed in the cell-mediated immune response?

Answer 64

T-cells

Question 65

which cells are involed in the humoral immune response?

Answer 65

B-cells

Question 66

what are immunoglobulins?

Answer 66

just another word for antibodies

Question 67

humoral meaning

Answer 67

relating to bodily fluids