Blueprint FL 2: P/S Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
parallel play
A
a form of play in which children play adjacent to each other and observing each other, but not actually playing together or interacting
2
Q
assimilation
A
occurs when an individual from one culture gradually takes on characteristics of another culture
the individual seeks to interact with the new culture and reject the native culture
3
Q
separation
in terms of culture
A
the opposite of assimilation
rejecting the new culture and maintaining the native culture
4
Q
prejudice
A
an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason (usually based on stereotypes)
5
Q
socialization
A
the process of internalizing the social norms and values expected in one’s society
6
Q
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A
stimulus → physiological response → emotion
7
Q
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
A
stimulus → physiological response + emotion
physiological experiences and emotion occur simultaneously
8
Q
What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
A
stimulus → physiological response + the cognitive interpretation of response → emotion
S + S = sensation + solve
9
Q
What is the Lazarus theory of emotion?
A
stimulus → cognitive labelling/interpretation of event → physiological response + emotion
“Lazarus Labels first”
10
Q
Lazarus theory of emotion could also be called…
A
the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
11
Q
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
A
sensori-motor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational
12
Q
what ages are associated with the sensory-motor stage
A
0-2
13
Q
what ages are associated with the pre-operational stage
A
2-7
14
Q
what ages are associated with the concrete operational stage
A
7-11
15
Q
what ages are associated with the formal operational stage
A
11+
16
Q
sensory motor stage
A
coordination of sense with motor responses
sensory curiosity of the world
object permanence is developed
17
Q
key milestone of sensory motor stage
A
the development of object permanence
18
Q
pre-operational stage
A
symbolic functions and intuitive thoughts
lots of pretend play
cannot apply specific cognitive operations
learn that words, gestures, etc. have symbolic meaning
egocentric → think others see the world like we do
19
Q
key milestone of the pre-operational stage
A
conservation
20
Q
concrete operational
A
can think logically about the world
concrete cognitive operations (ex. sorting objects)
learn conservation
learn some math
can use deductive logic
21
Q
formal operational
A
can think abstractly about the world
can consider hypothetical events
22
Q
reliabilty
A
the extent to which the outcomes are consistent when the experiment is repeated
consistency
23
Q
validity
A
the extent to which the tools of the experiment are measuring what you want them to measure
accuracy
24
Q
reliability vs validity
bow and arrow
A
25
functionalism
| functionalist theory
a theory based on the premise that all aspects of a society—institutions, roles, norms, etc. — serve a purpose and that all are necessary for the long-term survival of the society
26
conflict theory
a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources
says that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity
27
symbolic interactionism
the theory that people's actions are based on the meanings they assign to things, which can differ depending on the person and can change over time
28
social stratification
a society's categorization of its people into rankings based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power
29
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
says that needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up
30
meaning of Maslows "self-actualization"
**to achieve one's full potential**
ex. realizing your dreams, being true to yourself, and achieving inner peace
| top of the pyramid of needs
31
Freuds theory of personality
the mind is divided into three components: id, ego, and superego
balance between the 3 is necessary for a healthy personality
32
Freud: ID
the impulsive part of your personality that is driven by pleasure and repulsed by pain
present from birth
33
Freud: superego
the judgmental and morally correct part of your personality
operates on ideals and morals
34
Freud: ego
the conscious part of your personality that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego and makes decisions
35
ID, ego, superego
which are conscious vs unconcious
ego: elements of both
superego: elements of both, mostly preconscious
ID: entirely uncoscious
36
cognitive dissonance
occurs when a person's behavior and beliefs do not complement each other
or when someone holds two contradictory beliefs
leads to a mental toll and sometimes a change in beliefs or behaviours
37
ethnocentrism
measuring or judging one's own culture against another culture
the belief that one's own cultural rules are the best and often better than another culture's rules
38
cultural relativism
the idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on the context of that person's own culture
39
altruism
doing good for others even if it comes at an expense or risk to ourselves
40
health disparities
preventable differences in health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations
41
folkways
social norms that govern everyday behavior; don’t necessarily represent moral views; less strict than mores; common rules or manners
ex. covering your mouth when you cough, wearing covered shoes to a restaurant
42
mores
moral standards that determine right and wrong
some mores are illegal to break, while others may hust be offensive to most people of that culture
examples: lying, stealing, gossiping, bullying, and trespassing
43
taboos
strong negative norms that are considered completely unacceptable by a culture
ex. incest, cannabalism
44
rank the types of norms from least to most important not to break...
folkways < mores < taboos
45
Experimental design
a study where we test to prove a causal relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable; participants are randomly assigned to different groups or levels of the independent variable and analyzed under controlled conditions
46
Longitudinal study
a study that is conducted over a long period of time, usually uses a specific cohort of people
47
Retrospective study:
observational study type where we look back at information in the past to try and find a trend between events in the past and current outcomes
48
Prospective study:
a study where we follow groups of people and see how their behavior in that time influence future outcomes
49
Mixed-method research design:
a study where you use both qualitative and quantitative measures to conduct your study
50
Cohort study design:
observational study where a cohort (group of people with a common characteristic) are chosen and followed over time to evaluate for the occurrence of the outcome of interest
51
Case control design:
compare the “case” group (one with a given case/outcome, such as a disease) and the controls without the “case”
cannot establish causation, but attempt to find correlations between past events and the current state
52
Between-subjects design
participants are randomly assigned to ONE experimental group in the study, while the other participants are assigned to another
53
Within-subjects design:
each participant is exposed to every level of the independent variable
54
two advantages of within-subjects design
1. increased power (because the "number of participants" increases as each participant is used twice)
2. a reduction in error variance associated with individual differences; each subject serves as their own control
55
social desirability bias
when respondents give answers that they believe will make them look good to others, concealing their true opinions or experiences
56
test-retest bias
when participants respond or behave differently if retested, based on information gained during the first test
57
researcher bias
when the researcher's beliefs or expectations influence the research design or data collection process
58
attrition bias
when a participant drops out of a long-term study or experiment
59
kinship of affinity
one in which individuals are related by choice, such as through marriage, rather than through blood
60
relationship between fertility rate and mortality rate
increased lifespan comes at the cost of reduced fertility
| not sure why but OK
61
anomie
a social condition in which there is a disintegration or disappearance of the norms and values that were previously common to the society
62
heterogeneity
a word that signifies diversity
63
availability heuristic/bias
the tendency people have to rely on information that is easier to recall or more immediately available to them when faced with a decision
64
negativity bias
happens when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, rather than the positive aspects
65
self-serving bias
when a person interprets events in a way to bolster self-esteem
66
hippocampus main function
memory
spatial navigation
67
pre-frontal cortex main function
modulates higher-order (executive) cognitive process
(reasoning, problem solving, comprehension, impulse-control, creativity, perseverance, etc.)
68
external validity
the extent to which the findings of a study are generalizable to a population as a whole
Typically, this involves issues regarding the size and representativeness of the sample
69
internal validity
the extent to which causal conclusions can be drawn from a study
were confounding variables accounted for?
70
face validity
the extent to which a test is subjectively viewed to assess what it is intended to assess
71
content validity
how well a measure/instrument/test assesses what researchers intend for it to assess
72
fMRI
| full name
fuctional magnetic resonance imaging
73
fMRI
| function / method
a variation of MRI that monitors blood flow and O2 consumption in the brain to identify areas of high activity
74
nucleus accumbens
the neural interface between motivation and action
an important component of the mesolimbic pathway (reward pathway)
75
MRI function
produces 3D images of structures within the body; does not indicate activity
76
amygdala
major processing center for emotions
links emotions to many other brain abilities (memories, learning, etc.)
77
white matter
| brain
the axon bundles in the brain
provide communication between the different grey matter areas
78
grey matter
| brain
areas where the actual "processing" is done
neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites
79
CT
| full name
computerized tomography
80
CT scan
combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles
images with horizontal slices of the brain are generated
relatively inexpensive
81
PET scan
| full name
positron emission tomography
82
PET scan
can also examine brain function, mapping activity over time
uses radioactively tagged chemicals introduced in brain as markers of blood flow/metabolic activity
Provides color-coded map indicating which areas are active during certain stimuli
83
PONs function
part of your brainstem - many unconscious functions!
sleep-wake cycle, breathing, coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance
relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum
a sensory relay center for the thalamus and coordinates facial movements
a pathway for sensory information between the brain and the rest of the body
84
thinning
| operant conditioning
reducing the frequency of **rewards** for a given action
85
fading
| operant conditioning
reducing the frequency of **prompts** for a given action, until the promt is no longer needed
86
mediating variable
explains why two things are related
the independent variable leads to the mediating variable which leads to th independent variable
87
moderating variable
a variable that affects the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable
88
independent variable
the variable the is being controlled and altered to see how it affects another variable
89
dependent variable
the variable that we are observing to see how it is affected by the independent variable
90
confounding variable
a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable
91
interference
| in memory
a phenomenon in which some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories
92
amnesia
memory loss
93
retrograde amnesia
can't recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia
94
anterograde amnesia
a type of memory loss that occurs when you can't form new memories
95
retrograde interference
when new memories or knowledge interfere with retrieval of old memories
96
proactive interference
when older memories inhibit the consolidation or retrieval of new memories
97
role strain
involves stress from too many demands within a single role
Competing demands within the same social role
98
role conflict
involves competing expectations between two roles held by same person
99
role exit
when an individual disengages from/leaves a role
100
inclusive fitness
the sum of direct (personal) fitness and indirect fitness of the organism
101
direct fitness
the number of offspring the individual procreates
102
indirect fitness
the number of offspring begotten by the genetic relatives of the individual
103
list the first 4 stages in order
trust vs mistrust
104
list the last 4 stages in order
identity vs confusion (teen age 12-18)
intimacy vs isolation (young adult age 18-40)
generativity vs stagnation (middle age 40-65)
integrity vs despair (
105
What stage is a senior in? (65+)
| Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
Integrity vs Despair
106
acetylcholine
in PNS, voluntary muscle control and parasympathetic nervous system
in CNS, linked to attention and arousal/alertness
107
dopamine
smooth movement and posture
pleasure- and reward-oriented behaviors
high concentrations in basal ganglia
108
Parkinson's disease is typically caused by...
a loss of dopominergic neurons in the basal ganglia (in the substantia nigra)
109
Schizophrenia is typically caused by...
abnormally high levels of dopamine or an oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain
110
Alzheimer's disease is typically caused by...
the loss of cholinergic neurons that produce acetylcholine
111
What is Korsakoff's syndrome charecterized by?
confusion and memory loss
112
Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by...
reduced levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
113
neurotransmitter agonist
simulate or enhance the regular effect of the neutrotransmitter
114
neurotransmitter antagonist
decrease or prevent the effect of the neurotransmitter
115
general adaptation syndrome
describes the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress
It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
involves the nervous system and the endocrine system
116
three stages of general adaptation syndrome
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
117
activation-synthesis theory
the theory that dreams are just the brain trying to make sense of the random brain impulses that occur during our sleep
118
alarm stage of GAP
provides a burst of energy to help deal with the stressor
119
resistance stage of GAP
body attempts to "resist" or adapt to the stressor
120
exaustion stage of GAP
if the stressor does not go away, our body will be drained of the rquired physical, emotional, and mental resources to the point where your body is no longer able to cope with stress
121
house money effect
the theory that people tend to take on greater risk when reinvesting profit earned through an initial investment because the new money is not viewed as “their own money” anymore
122
the Gambler's fallacy
when an individual falsely believes that a certain random event is less likely or more likely to happen based on the outcome of a previous event or series of events
123
the prisoners dilemma
a paradox in decision analysis in which two individuals acting in their own self-interests do not produce the optimal outcome
124
general strain theory
suggests that people who have experienced negative events feel negative emotions, which lead to negative behaviors
suggests that crime and bad behaviour is caused by the presence of negative emotions
125
anomie theory
says that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society
126
social cognitive theory
says that people learn by watching and modelling others
if they see that someone is rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too
127
primary aging
the inevitable loss of function that occurs no matter what we do
128
secondary aging
the loss of function accelerated by lifestyle and other factors, such as diet and exercise
129
marginalization
when a person or groups of people are less able to do things or access basic services or opportunities than others
130
integration
| in terms of culture
the process by which separate groups or cultures are combined into a unified society
131
sensory memory
memory that allows you to remember sensory information after the stimulation has ended
132
short-term memory
allows you to recall specific information for a brief period
longer lasting than sensory memory but shorter lasting than long-term memory
133
working memory
involves the immediate and small amount of information that a person actively uses as they perform cognitive tasks
134
long term memory
the storage of memories on a scale ranging from hours to years
135
episodic memory
the memory of past experiences or events
136
flashbulb memory
the phenomenon of having an extremely detailed and vivid memory of an important or emotional experience
137
semantic memory
general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives
138
implicit memory
the unconscious and unintentional recall of experiences or abilities
includes procedural memory
139
procedural memory
memory of how to do different actions and skills
ex. tying your shoes
140
explicit memory
the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts
141
optogenetics
a technique that uses light to control neurons that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels
142
GABA
primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system
143
acetylcholine
in PNS, voluntary muscle control and parasympathetic nervous system
in CNS, linked to attention and arousal/alertness
144
epinephrine
also known as adrenaline
usually is secreted from the adrenal medulla to act systemically as a horome
145
norepinephrine
also known as noradrenaline
usually acts locally as a neurotransmitter
low levels are associated with depression, high levels are associated with anxiety and mania
146
serotonin
regulates mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming
too much serotonin might produce mania
too little serotonin might produce depression
147
glycine
a proteinogenic amino acid that also acts as an INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the CNS
(by increasing chloride influce into the neuron to hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane)
148
glutamate
a proteinogenic amino acid that also acts as an EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the CNS
149
lateral geniculate nucleus
a visual information relay center in the thalamus
detects and interprets information from the retina and passes it on to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
150
parietal lobe function
contains the somatosensory cortex
integrates multiple inputs of sensory information, from spatial sense and navigation (proprioception) to temperature (thermoreceptors) and touch (mechanoreceptors)
151
subjective norms
determined by the perceived social pressure from others for an individual to behave in a certain manner and their motivation to comply with those people's views
152
locus of control
the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces, have control over the outcome of events in their lives
can be either internal or external
153
confirmation bias
when a person seeks out or overemphasizes information that supports the beliefs they already hold
154
reciprical determinism
human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment
*our cognition effects our behaviour, which affects our environment. but our environment can also effect our cognition or behaviour. they are ALL related and have effects on another.*
155
positive reinforcement
add pleasant stimulus to increase positive behaviour
156
positive punishment
add stimulus to decrease bad behaviour/experience
| taking advil to remove headache; getting out of bed to avoid alarm
157
negative reinforcement
remove something unpleasant to increase a behaviour
158
negative punishment
remove pleasant stimulus to decrease negative behaviour
| taking a way TV time when a kid is bad
159
social loafing
a situation where an individual exerts less effort in a group setting than they would have independently/individually
160
deindividuation
when people lose their sense of self in a group
often leads to people acting in ways they wouldn't if alone
think "mob mentality"
161
social facilitation
when people perform better in the presence of a group
162
formal sanction
written and have official consequences of obeying or disobeying the law
163
informal sanctions
any reaction a person might have to express approval or disapproval to an action regulated by norms
negative: shaming or ridicule
positive: applause
164
features of an ideal bureaucracy
| (5)
are impersonal and rational
employees are specialized
have a hierarchical structure
have explicit rules that are often written down
promote employees based on their skills and abilities, not based on kinship, friendship, etc.
165
signal detection theory
explains the four possible reults when we make a decision when theres only 2 possible decisions to make
usually invovles discriminating between the presence or absence of a stimulus
166
motion parallax
a monocular depth cue that causes objects that are closer to you to appear to move faster than objects that are further away
167
feature detection
refers to the ability to detect motion, color, shape, timing, and size
168
divided attention
the ability to attend to multiple stimuli at the same time
