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Review > Blueprint FL 1: B/B > Flashcards

Blueprint FL 1: B/B Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

dopamine

A

smooth movement and posture

high concentrations in basal ganglia

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2
Q

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from too much dopamine or an oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain

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3
Q

dopamine and Parkinson’s disease

A

Parkinson’s disease is associated with a loss of dopominergic neurons in the basal ganglia; results in resting tremors, jerky movements, and unstable posture

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4
Q

flow of ions during action potential

A
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5
Q

efflux meaning

A

flow OUT

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6
Q

influx meaning

A

flow IN

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7
Q

what happens when the depolarization of the muscle cell reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium (Ca2+) is released

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8
Q

what happens when calcium is released?

A

it binds to troponin, and tropomyosin changes confirmation

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9
Q

explain the steps of muscle contraction

A

1) calcium binds to troponin, revealing the myosin-binding site on actin
2) myosin binds to actin
3) the powerstroke occurs, ADP and Pi dissociate from myosin
4) ATP binds to myosin, causing it to detach from actin
5) hydrolysis of ATP recocks myosin head into initial position

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10
Q

when standard deviation errors bars overlap quite a bit, it’s a clue that…

A

the difference is not statistically significant

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11
Q

4 stages of cell cycle

A
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12
Q

G1 phase

cell cycle

A

cell growth

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13
Q

S phase

cell cycle

A

DNA replication

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14
Q

G2 phase

cell cycle

A

ensures that all chromosomes have been replicated and prepares the cell for entering the mitotic phase

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15
Q

2 general phases of cell cycle

A

cell division (mitosis or meiosis)

interphase

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16
Q

G0 phase

cell cycle

A

the phase in which the cell is no longer actively dividing and simply playing out its regular functions

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17
Q

stem cells

A

cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body

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18
Q

3 categories of stem cells

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent

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19
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

can divide into ALL cell types in an organism

has the potential to divide until it creates an entire, complete organism

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20
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

can divide into most, or all, cell types in an organism

cannot develop into an entire organism on their own

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21
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into the various cell types in a family of related cells, such as blood cells

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22
Q

oligopotent stem cells

A

result from multipotent stem cells

can differentiate into only a few cells

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23
Q

generally, stem cells are able to…

A

self renew! (divide to make more stem cells)

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24
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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25
dehyrogenase
an enzyme that removes hydrogen
26
proliferation
the growth of tissue cells (rapid increase in numbers)
27
peptide bond formation
peptide bonds are formed by the removal of water (OH from carboxyl + H from amino group)
28
features of peptide bonds
flat, polar, and not free to rotate
29
why can't the peptide bond rotate
it has partial double bond character that prevents free rotation around the bond
30
which bond is the "peptide bond"
the blue bond between C and N
31
what type of linkage is present in a peptide bond?
amide linkage
32
monovalent
at atom with either 1 or 7 valence electrons and can thus only form 1 covalent bond
33
valency
the property of an element that determines the number of other atoms with which an atom of the element can combine based on the number of valence electrons
34
bivalent
an atom with either 2 or 6 valence electrons, can thus form two covalent bonds
35
operon
a cluster of genes coding for functionally related proteins under the control of a single promoter these genes are transcribed together to produce a single mRNA
36
polycistronic mRNA
an mRNA that encodes two or more proteins
37
three types of RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA)
38
messenger RNA
created during transcription of DNA represents a portion of the DNA strand to be converted into proteins
39
ribosomal RNA
reads the order of amino acids and links amino acids together
40
3 areas of ribosomal RNA
A: accepts the incoming aminoacylated tRNA P: holds the tRNA with the peptide chain E: holds the deacylated tRNA before it leaves the ribosome
41
five prime cap
a guanine nucleotide that is added to the first nucleotide in the transcript during transcription protects the transcript from being broken down
42
a 5 prime cap is only found in which cell types?
eukaryotic cells
43
location of transcription (eukaryotes)
nucleus
44
location of translation (eukaryotes)
cytoplasm
45
location of transcription (prokaryotes)
cytoplasm
46
in eukaryotics, each gene has its own...
initiation site
47
exons vs introns
intron: non-coding sequences found in DNA or RNA Exons: refer to the coding portions of DNA or RNA
48
why does only eukaryotic rna have 5' cap?
protect the mature mRNA from degradation and help export it from the nucleus protect th pre-mRNA during splicing | i think??
49
difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes
they mainly differ in size eukaryotic is larger than prokaryotic
50
micro RNA (miRNA)
non-coding RNA that binds to a target mRNA to repress protein production of that mRNA
51
polymerization
the process of connecting monomers to create a polymer; amino acids to create proteins, nucleotides to create DNA/RNA, etc.
52
hybridization
the process in which two complementary single-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules bond together to form a double-stranded molecule
53
transcription
the process of creating an mRNA molecule from a segment of DNA
54
white blood cells include:
55
natural killer cell
destroy the body's own cells that have become infected with the pathogen
56
eosinophils
release large amounts of histamine and cause inflammation this resulsts in vasodilation allowing increased leakines of the blood vessels and additional immune cells to move from blood to tissue
57
astericks and statistical significance
Each asterisk and line on a graph represents that there is a stastical significant difference between the 2 groups it connects
58
cation vs anion | charge
cation: positively charged ion anion: negatively charge ion
59
basic residues | charge
positive
60
acidic residues | charge
negative
61
proton charge
+1
62
acid vs base | protons
acid: proton (H+) donor base: proton (H+)acceptor
63
cytokines
a broad group of signalling proteins that and regulate the functions of individual cells
64
innate immune system
non specific defenses that are always active
65
adaptive immunity
take time toactivate target a specific invader can retain memory about past invasions
66
non cellular innate immune defenses
skin mucus tears saliva stomach acid
67
the adaptive immune system involves which types of cells
B-cells and T-cells
68
innate immune system cells (5)
macrophage mast cell granulocytes dendritic cell natural killer cell
69
humoral vs cell-mediated immunity
humoral: driven by B-cells cell-mediated: driven by T-cells | ??? check ???
70
passive immunity
the short-term immunity that results when antibodies are passed from one individual to another
71
active immunity
occurs when our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a pathogen
72
eosinophils
release large amounts of histamine and cause inflammation this resulsts in vasodilation allowing increased leakines of the blood vessels and additional immune cells to move from blood to tissue
73
innate immune system cells (5)
macrophage mast cell granulocytes dendritic cell natural killer cell
74
granulocytes include: (3)
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
75
granulocytes are involved in ...
the inflammatory response
76
erythrocyte
red blood cell
77
white blood cells include (5)
78
each B cell has...
**antibodies** that are specific to a particular antigen
79
what is inside red blood cells
"sacks of hemoglobin and oxygen"
80
unlike most cells, red blood cells do not contain...
DNA or a nucleus
81
lymphocytes include
B cells and T cells
82
which amino acids can be phosphorylated
serine, threonine, and tyrosine
83
glutamate
another name for glutamic acid
84
aspartate
another name for aspartic acid

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