Abdomen Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
consists of the alimentary tract and certain accessory organs that contribute to the digestive process
A
Digestive system
2
Q
Radiological important accessory organs of the digestive system:
A
1) Teeth
2) Salivary glands
3) Liver and pancreas
3
Q
Peritoneum
The abdominopelvic cavity consists of:
A
1) A large superior portion, the abdominal cavity
2) A smaller inferior portion, the pelvic cavity
4
Q
The abdominal cavity extends from the ____to the __________________________.
A
diaphragm , superior aspect of the bony pelvis
5
Q
The abdominal cavity consists of:
A
1) Stomach
2) Small & large intestines
3) Liver
4) Gallbladder
5) Spleen
6) Pancreas
7) Kidneys
6
Q
The pelvic cavity lies within the margins of the
A
bony pelvis
7
Q
The pelvic cavity contains the:
A
1) Rectum and sigmoid of the large intestines
2) Urinary bladder
3) Reproductive organs
8
Q
double-walled seromembranous sac that encloses the abdominoplevic cavity
A
Peritoneum
9
Q
outer portion of the peritoneum; in close contact with the abdominal wall, greater (false) pelvic wall, and most of the under surface of the diaphragm
A
Parietal peritoneum
10
Q
inner portion of the peritoneum; positioned over or around the contained organs
A
Visceral peritoneum
11
Q
The visceral peritoneum forms folds called the
A
mesentery and omenta
12
Q
What does the mesentery and omenta do?
A
These serve to support the viscera in position.
13
Q
The space between the two layers of the peritoneum is called
A
peritoneal cavity.
14
Q
cavity behind the peritoneum; contains organs like the kidneys and pancreas
A
Retroperitoneum
15
Q
The ____ is the largest gland in the body
A
liver
16
Q
Where is liver located?
A
upper right quadrant
17
Q
The liver’s base is on the ___ side, and the apex is directed ____ and to the ____.
A
right
anteriorly , left
18
Q
divides liver into right and left lobes
A
Falciform ligament
19
Q
Liver:
The right lobe has two minor lobes:
A
1) Caudate lobe- posterior surface
2) Quadrate lobe- inferior surface
20
Q
Sitting transversely between the two minor lobes is the hilum of the liver, or the
A
porta hepatis
21
Q
The ______ and ______, both of which convey blood to the liver, enter the porta hepatis and branch out through the liver substance.
A
portal vein
hepatic artery
22
Q
The portal vein ends in ____.
A
sinusoids
23
Q
Hepatic artery ends in ______
A
capillaries
24
Q
the capillaries communicate with _____
A
sinusoids
25
True or False:
| the liver receive arterial blood supply, it receives blood from the portal system.
True
26
Portal System:
Main trunk ----------------- Portal vein
Portal System consists of:
```
veins of stomach
veins from the intestinal tract
veins from gallbladder
veins from pancreas
veins from spleen
```
27
The _______ convey blood from the liver sinusoids to the ________________.
hepatic veins
| inferior vena cava
28
_______is the channel of elimination for the waste products of red blood cell destruction.
Bile
29
True or False:
| Bile is only a secretion
False
| bile is both a secretion and excretion
30
Bile as a secretion:
| it is an important aid in the emulsification and assimilation of ___.
fats
31
Bile is collected from the liver cells by the ____ and either carried to the gallbladder for temporary storage or poured directly into the ____ through the ________________
ducts
duodenum
common bile duct.
32
The biliary system (excretory system) of the liver consists of the ______ and the _____.
bile ducts
| gallbladder
33
The biliary system begins in the lobules as:
1) The bile capillaries
2) Ducts unite to form larger and larger passages,
3) Form two main ducts, one from each lobe
34
two main ducts of biliary system emerge at the __________ and join to form the _______
porta hepatis
| common hepatic duct
35
The common hepatic duct joins with the _________ to form the
cystic duct
| common bile duct or CBD
36
The cystic duct comes from the
gallbladder
37
The common bile duct joins the _______. They enter together, or side by side, into an enlarged chamber known as the
pancreatic duct
| hepatopancreatic ampulla or ampulla of Vater
38
The ampulla of Vater opens into the descending portion of the
duodenum
39
The distal end of the CBD is controlled by the ______________ as it enters the duodenum
choledochal sphincter
40
The hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by a circular muscle known as the
sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla or sphincter of Oddi.
41
The _______is a thin walled, more or less pear-shaped, musculomembranous sac with a capacity of approximately 2 ounces
gallbladder
42
The gallbladder functions to:
1) Concentrate bile by absorption of water content
2) To store bile during interdigestive periods
3) To evacuate bile during digestive periods
43
hormone that activates muscular contractions to force the bile out of the gallbladder.
Cholecystokinin
44
The gallbladder consists of:
1) Narrow neck that connects with the cystic duct
2) A body or main portion
3) A fundus- broad lower portion
45
The gallbladder is located in a fossa on the _______ (_____) surface of the right lobe of the liver.
visceral (inferior)
46
an elongated gland situated across the posterior abdominal wall extending from the duodenum to the spleen
Pancreas
47
The pancreas is about _________ long and consists of a _____, ____, ____, & ______. It cannot be visualized by plain radiographic films
5 1/2 inches
| head, neck, body, and tail.
48
True or False.
The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine gland
True
49
If the patient is _____, they should have a prep done to better visualize abdominal structures
nonacute
50
The prep is generally determined by the facility, but includes:
1) Controlled diet
2) Laxative
3) Enemas
51
True or False:
| Acute Abdominal preps are administered
False:
| These are sick patients with a possible visceral rupture or intestinal obstruction or perforation.
52
Exposure Technique: In exams without contrast medium, it is imperative to maximize soft tissue differentiation throughout the regions of the abdomen -
You should:
You want moderate grays (less black and white)
| If kVp is too high, small or semiopaque structures may not be demonstrated (gallstones)
53
Evaluation Criteria without Contrast:
| You want sharply defined outlines of the:
```
Psoas muscles
Lower border of the liver
Kidneys
Ribs
Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
```
54
involuntary motion
Peristalisis
55
The most commonly performed abdomen is the supine AP, called
KUB
56
prolapsed or falling down of the abdominal viscera
Visceroptosis
57
Supine and Upright AP Abdomen: aka
flat/upright abdomen
58
done to rule out free air, look at air-fluid levels, and to rule out infection; includes a flat abdomen, upright (or left lateral decubitus) abdomen, and PA chest x-rays
acute abdominal series
59
Radiation Protection
1) Shield gonads (even with good collimation) if within 2 inches (5 cm) of primary beam
2) If the region of interest (ROI) will not be compromised
3) If patient has reasonable reproductive potential.
60
Use close collimation:
1) To reduce patient exposure
| 2) To improve radiographic quality
61
The combining form cholecyst(o)- means
gallbladder
62
The combining form cholangi(o)-
bile ducts
63
The hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by a ____ muscle known as the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
circular
64
The ____end of the common bile duct contains a sphincter that controls the bile entering into the duodenum.
distal
65
The distal end of the common bile duct contains a sphincter that controls the bile entering into the duodenum. It is known as the _____________
choledochal sphincter.
66
The largest gland in the body is the
liver
67
The narrow space between the two layers of peritoneum is called the ______________.
peritoneal cavity
68
The folds of peritoneum that surround and support the abdominal organs are called the ___&_____
omenta and mesentery
69
The inner portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is termed the ___________-
visceral peritoneum.
70
The outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is termed the ___________
parietal peritoneum.
71
During an ERCP an _____is passed into the duodenum under fluoroscopic control
endoscope
72
. “Spot” radiographs are usually taken of the pancreatic and ________.
common bile ducts
73
During an operative cholangiogram the surgeon injects the contrast medium directly into the biliary system. The ___ and ________, ____ projections are typically done during this procedure.
AP
AP oblique
RPO
74
The upright and R-lateral decubitus positions are used to demonstrate layering of stones in the _____.
gallbladder
75
The desired degree of obliquity for the PA oblique projection of the gallbladder is _____depending on body habitus.
15-40o
76
The oblique position used to demonstrate the gallbladder is the ______, ____
PA oblique, LAO
77
The CR is _______for a PA projection of the gallbladder
perpendicular
78
The midcoronal plane is placed perpendicular to the long axis of the grid for a lateral projection of the _____.
abdomen
79
The center of the cassette is positioned __inches above the iliac crests for a lateral projection of the abdomen done in dorsal ____position.
2
| decubitus
80
true or false?
The pre-vertebral space and air-fluid levels are clearly shown on a lateral abdomen projection done in the dorsal decubitus position
true
81
Common indications for performing oral _____________include cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and biliary stenosis.
cholecystography
82
A specific radiographic examination of the gallbladder is termed a .
cholecystography
83
A specific radiographic examination of the biliary ducts is termed a .
cholangiography
84
_______- is a combining form referring to the common bile duct.
Choledocho
85
The contrast medium for oral cholecystography is given to the patient _____ hours after the evening meal.
2-3
86
The ____position is the preferred position for the scout radiograph of the gallbladder.
prone
87
The cassette size that should be used for radiographs of the biliary tract and gallbladder is the__________
8 x 10.
88
The cassette is centered for a ___gallbladder radiograph depending on the body habitus.
PA
89
The respiration phase for all projections of the biliary tract or gallbladder is ____.
expiration
90
During an examination of the gallbladder and biliary tract the exposure should be delayed for __ seconds after cessation of respiration to permit peristaltic action to subside.
2
91
A patient should lie in the left lateral position _____ minutes before the radiograph is made. This is often necessary to demonstrate small amounts of intraperitoneal gas in patients with acute abdomen.
10-20
92
_____ level is one of the primary reasons a left lateral decubitus abdominal radiograph is performed.
Air-fluid
93
AP, lateral decubitus and a PA, upright are two projections of the abdomen in which the x-ray beam is placed in the _____position.
horizontal
94
The respiration phase for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the left lateral decubitus position is ____.
expiration
95
The center of the cassette is positioned ___-inches above the iliac crests for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the left lateral decubitus position.
2
96
The respiration phase for an AP or PA abdominal radiograph done in the upright position is .
expiration
97
The center of the cassette is positioned 2 inches above the______ for an upright PA abdominal radiograph.
iliac crests
98
The CR is _____for an AP abdominal radiograph.
perpendicular
99
The respiration phase for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the ____position is expiration.
supine
100
The center of the cassette should be positioned 2 inches above the iliac crests for an ___ _____radiograph done in the upright position
AP abdominal
101
The center of the cassette should be positioned at the iliac crests for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the _____position.
supine
102
If a patient is unable to stand for an upright AP abdominal radiograph, the ____ _____ position should be used.
dorsal decubitus
103
The most commonly performed abdominal examination is referred to as a .
KUB
104
Prime considerations in producing an optimal radiograph of the abdomen include explaining the breathing procedures to the patient and not starting the exposure for ___________ after suspension of respiration.
1 to 2 seconds
105
Functions of the gallbladder include storage of ____&_____
bile and concentration of bile.
106
The pancreas produces ___, ____, & ____
insulin, glucagons, and pancreatic juice.
107
The spleen produces _____and stores and removes dead red blood cells.
lymphocytes
108
The technical factors for an abdominal radiograph should be set to produce ___ ____ latitude.
moderately wide
109
A properly exposed abdominal radiograph will exhibit the psoas muscles, the lower border of the liver, and the transverse processes of the _______
lumbar vertebrae.
110
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join and together they enter a chamber known as the hepatopancreatic ____.
ampulla
111
The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join together to form the ___________
common bile duct.
112
The two main ___ ____join to form the common hepatic duct
hepatic ducts
113
The radiologically important primary function of the liver is the formation of .
bile
114
The hepatic artery and portal vein convey blood to the .
liver
115
The liver lies in the ___ ___ ___
upper right quadrant
116
The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic walls is called the
peritoneum
117
what organs lay in the pelvic cavity
bladder, anus and reproductive system.
118
what organs lay in the Abdominal cavity
kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
