abdomen and body wall Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
lumbar spine
A
- located lower back between thoracican dsacral
- 5 large vertebrae
- function: weight bearing structure
2
Q
what are the characteristic features of lumbar vertebrae?
A
- vertebral foramen: triangle shape
- transverse process: long and slender
- articular process: vertical facets
- spinous process: short and broad
- accessory processes: on posterior aspect of base of eah transverse process (attachement sties)
- mamillary processes: post surface of each sup articular process
3
Q
types of lumbar joints
A
- between vertebral bodies
- between vertebral arches
4
Q
lugaments throughout vertebral column?
A
- ant and post longitudinal ligaments: connect vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
- ligamentum flavum: connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
- interspinous lig: conects spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
- supraspinous : connects tips of adjacent spinous process
5
Q
lumbar ligaments
A
iliolumbar lig: strengthens lumbosacral joint (l5 and s1_
6
Q
abdominal wall functions (4)
A
- firm and flexible boundary that keeps abdominal viscera in abdominal cavity and maintains anatomical position against gravity
- protects abdominal viscera from injury
- assists in forceful expiration by pushing abdominal viscer upwards
- invovled in actions that increase intrabdominal pressure (coughing, vomiting, defecation)
6
Q
what is the structure of the anterolateral abdominal wall
A
- 4 main layers (ex to in)
1. skin
2. superficial fascia
3. muscles and associated fascia
4. parietal peritoneum
6
Q
what is teh superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall made up of?
A
- connective tissue
- above umbilicus: single sheet of connective tissue (continuous w all fascia of body)
- below umbilicus: divided into 2 layers : 1 fatty superficial layer (campers fascia) and membranous deep layer (scarpas fascia)
6
Q
what are the vertical fibers of the anteromlateral abdominal wall
A
- rectus abdominis (long paired muscle split by linea alba- interseceted by tendinous intersections that give six pack)
- pyramidalis (small triangular muscle, inferiorly w base on pubis bone and apex attached to linea alba)
6
Q
what is the surface anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal
A
- umbilicus (midway between xiphoid process and pubis symphysis)
- linea semiulnaris: lateral border of rectus, curved line running from 9th rib to pubic tubercle
- linea alba: flibrous line that splits rectus abdominis
6
Q
what 9 sections is the abdominal area split into
A
- horizontal lines: transpyloric plane (half between jugular notch and pubic symphysis, l1 vertebrae), intertubercular plane (horizontal runs between sup aspect of right and left iliac crests)
- vertical planes (midclavicle to mid inguinal point)
- 9 sections: LOOK UP PICTURE
6
Q
what are the muscles of the posterior abdominal ?
A
- quadratus lumborum
- psoas major
- psoas minor (only in 60% of pop)
- iliacus: inferior on post abdominal wall
- diaphragm
6
Q
describe the fascia on the post abdominal wall
A
transversalis fascia: lies between parietal peritoneum and muscles of post abdominal wall
–> name fascia according to what structure it overlies
- psoas fascia
- thoracolumnar fascia (3 layers that cover quadratus lumborum and deep back muscles) : extends between 12th rib and iliac crest, covers lats
6
Q
what arteries are found in the abdomen?
A
- aorta: largest in body, receives cardiac output and supplies body w oxygenated blood
7
Q
describe the thoracic aorta
A
- t4-t12
- branches in descending
bronchial arteries –> mediastinal arteries –> oesophageal arteries -> pericardial arteries -> superior phrenic arteries -> intercostal and subcostal arteriesd
8
Q
describe the abdominal aorta branches in descending order
A
- bificurcates into right and left common iliac arteries
-> inferior phrenic arteries
-> coeliac artery
–> superior mesenteric artery
–> middle suprarenal arteries
–> renal arteries
–> gonadal arteries
–> inferior mesenteric artery
–> median sacral artery
–> lumbar arteries
9
Q
what is an abdominal muscle strain
A
- pulled muscle in abdominal wall
- play role in stabilizing trunk, supporting posture and faciliating various upper body movements
10
Q
what causes an abdominal muscle strain
A
- overuse: repetitive strenuous activites without rest
- sudden forceful movements
- poor body mechanics
- weak muscles
11
Q
types of abdominal muscle strains
A
- rectus abdominis: sit ups or heavy lifting
- oblique strain: sides of abdomen, twisting or rotational movements
- transverse abdominis: repetitive or sustained activities
12
Q
signs of abdominal muscles strain
A
- localized pain
- tenderness
- musles spasm
- swelling or bruising
- limited ROM
13
Q
tx for abdominal muscles strain
A
- rest
-ice - pain management
- pt, mt
- gradual return ot activity
14
Q
massage and abdominal muscle strain
A
risks
- increased pain
- aggravation of strain
- bruising or swelling
- risk of hematoma (localized collection of blood)
benefits
- pain reduction: gentle relaxing
- improved circulation
- reduced muscle tension for surrounding muscles
- enhanced ROM
options
- gentle swedish
- good positioning
- heat applicaiton
- progressive tx
15
Q
what is a hernia
A
- organ or tissue protrudes through abdominal opening or weakness in sourrounding muscles or connective tissue
16
Q
what causes hernia
A
- increased intraabdominal presure: heavy lifting, persistent coughing, constipation, obesity or pregnancy
- weakened abdominal wall
- protrusion
17
types of hernias
- inguinal: inguinal cnala nd groin
- femoral: femoral canal
- incisional : site of previous surgical incision
- umbilical: protrusion of tissues or ogans near belly button, in infants normally
18
signs of hernia
- visible lump
- pain or discomfort, heaviness at site
- bowel obstruction: nausea vomiting constipation
- GERD: acid reflux symptoms
19
tx of hernias
- lifestyle modification
- supportive garments
- surgery
20
massage and hernia
risks
- exacerbation of hernia (pressure to and around it)
- discomfort and pain
- strangulation risk
- increased intraabdominal pressure w deep tisssue
- complications
benefits:
- pain alleviation (if muscle tension/discomfort around hernia)
- stress reduction
- improved circulation gentle massage away from hernia
21
what is abdominal scar tissue
- bands of fibrous tissue that form between abdominal organs and tissues as result of injury, surgery or inflmaation
22
what causes abdominal scar tissue
- injury or surgery
- fibrous tissue formation
- adhesion formation
23
signs of abdominal scar tissue
- chronic abdominal pain
- digestive issues
- changes in bowel habits
- infertility
- pain during sex
24
massage and abdominal scar tissue
risks
- discomofrt and pain
- scar tissue sensitivity
- adhesion disruption
- potential for scar tissue tear
- infection risk
benefits
- pain management
- improved mobility
- enhanced circulation
- emotional support
25
what are abdominal muscle imbalances
- irregular distribution of strength, flexibility or tone among muscles of abdominal region
26
what causes abdominal muscle imbalances
- sedentary lifestyle
- repetitive movements
- injury
- weak core stabilization
27
types of abdominal muscle imbalances
- ant/post : posture and spinal alignment
- upper/lower : trunk flexion and stability
- left/right: spinal rotation and funcitonal movment
28
signs of abdominal muscle imbalances
- poor posture: rounded shoulders, forward head posture or excessive lumbar curvature
- muscle weakness: trunk instability and support
- back pain
- digestive issues: bloating/constipation
- restricted mobility: trunk rotation or flexion
29
tx for abdominal muscle imbalances
- pt
- core strengthening
- posture correction
- manual therapy
- blanced training
30
massage and abdominal muscle imbalances
risks
- discomfort and pain w excessive pressure
- muscle spasms w vigorous massage
- risk of injury: overstretchign or excessive pressure
- digestive discomfort
benefits
- pain relief
- improved muscle function
- stress reduction
- increased body awareness
31
what is an abdominal mass or tumor
- abnormal growth/swelling in abdominal cavity
- may be benign or malignant
32
what causes an abdominal mass/tumor
1. genetic predisoposition
2. environmental factors: carcinogen exposure or toxins
3. inflammation
4. cellular abnormalities
33
types of abdominal masses/tumors
- solid organ: liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen
- gastrointestinal : stomach, intestines, colon
- gynecological
- soft tissue: muscles or connective tissue
- blood vessel
34
signs of abdominal masses or tumors
- abdominal pain
- swelling or mass
- chagnes in bowel habits
- nausea and vomiting
- unexplained weight loss
- fatigue
- changes in appetite
35
tx for abdominal mass/tumor
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- radiation
- targeted therapy
- immunotherapy
36
massage and abdominal masses/tumors
risks
- injury bc of pressure
- disruption of mass or tumor
- pain and discomfort
- complications
- med considerations
benefits
- stress reduction
- comfort
- enhanced circulation
- emotional support
37
what is diastasis recti
- abdominal separation or stretching of rectus abdominis muscles
- in pregnant/postpartum women, obese people, heavy lifting/straining
38
signs of diastasis recti
- visible abdominal bulge
- weak core
- digestive issues
- pelvic floor dysfunction
- cosmetic concerns
39
massage and diastisis recti
risks
- aggravation of diastasis
- pain and discomfort
- worsening of core weakness
- organ discomfort
- ineffective tx
benefits
- pain reduction
- improved muscle funciton
- emotional support
40
