abnormal 3 Flashcards
Substance dependence
Includes more severe forms of substance-use disorders and usually involves a marked physiological need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effects. Dependence in these disorders means that an individual will show a tolerance for a drug and / or experience withdrawal symptoms when the drug is unavailable.
Substance abuse
Generally involves an excessive use of a substance resulting in
(1) potentially hazardous behavior such as driving while intoxicated or
(2) continued use despite a persistent social,psychological,occupational,or health problems.
Genetic component to alcohol
Heredity probably plays an important role In a person’s developing sensitivity to the addictive power of drugs like alcohol. An alcohol-risk personality has been described as an individual (usually an alcoholic’s child) who has inherited predisposition toward alcohol abuse and who is impulsive, prefers taking high risks, and is emotionally unstable.
Binge drinking
Binge drinking
Cultural attitudes influences alcoholism
The effect of cultural attitudes toward drinking is well illustrated by Muslims and Mormons, who’s religious values prohibit the use of alcohol,and by Orthodox Jews, who have traditionally limited its use largely to religious rituals. The incidence of alcoholism among these groups is minimal. In comparison, the incidence of alcoholism is high among Europeans. Interestingly, Europe and six countries that have been influenced by European culture-Argentina,Canada ,Chile, Japan ,the United States,and New Zealand- make up less than 20% of the worlds population and yet consume 80% of the alcohol. The French appear to have the highest rate of alcoholism in the world.
Psychological treatment for substances
Once the patient has her or his drinking under control, detoxification is optimally followed by psychological treatment, including family counseling and the use of community resources related to employment and other aspects of a person’s social readjustments. Although individual psychotherapy is sometimes effective, the focus of psychosocial measures in the treatment of alcohol-related problems often involves group therapy, environmental intervention,behavioral therapy, and the approach used by alcoholic’s anonymous.
Psychological environmental
Environmental support has been shown to be an important ingredient of an alcohol abusers recover. People often become estranged from family and friends becaus of their drinking and either Lose or jeopardize their jobs. As a result, they are often lonely and live in impoverished neighborhoods. Simply helping people with alcohol-abuse problems learn more effective coping techniques may not be enough if their social environment remains hostile and threatening. Those who have been hospitalized, halfway houses designed to assist them in their return to family and community- are often important adjuncts to their total treatment program.
Psychological cognitive
One of the most effective contemporary procedures for treating alcohol abusers has been the cognitive- behavioral approach recommended by Alan Marlett and Witkiewitz and Marlet. This approach, often referred to as a “skills training procedure,” is usually aimed at younger problem drinkers who are considered to be at risk for developing more severe drinking problems because of an alcohol -abuse history in their family or their current heavy consumption. This approach relies on such techniques as imparting specific knowledge about alcohol, developing coping skills in situations associated with increased risk of alcohol use, modifying cognition sand expectancies,acquiring stress-managing skills, and providing training in life skills.
Group therapy
Group therapy has been shown to be effective for many clinical problems especially substance -related disorders. In the confrontational give-and-take of group therapy, alcohol abusers are often forced to face their problems and their tendencies to deny or minimize them. These group situations can be extremely difficult for those who have been engrossed in denial of their own responsibilities, but such treatment also helps them see new possibilities for coping with circumstances that have led to their difficulties. Often this paves the way for them to learn more effective ways of coping and other positive steps toward dealing with their drinking problems.
Alcoholic’s anonymous
Alcoholic anonymous operates primarily as a self help counseling program in which both person to person and group relationships are emphasized. An important aspect of AA’s rehabilitation program is that it appears to lift the burden of personal responsibility by helping alcoholic’s accept that alcoholism, like many other problems, is bigger than they are. The reported success of AA is based primarily on anecdotal information rather than an objective study of treatment outcomes comparative research efforts.
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine operates by increasing the level of dopamine in the brain, and prolonged use of the drug produces structural changes in the brain. The severity of psychiatric symptoms associated with the drug is significantly related to the duration of use. Moreover, discontinuing the drug after the person has become habituated can result in problems with learning, memory, and cognitive dysfunction drug sever mental health problems such as paranoid thinking and hallucinations. There is some evidence that people become more quickly addicted to meth and require treatment sooner than people who do cocaine. Addicted meth users are highly resistant to treatment, and post treatment relapse is common.
Stimulants: caffeine and nicotine
DSM-5 includes addictions to 2 legally available and widely used substances: caffeine and nicotine. Although these substances do not involve the extensive and self destructive problems found with drug and alcohol, they can create important physical and and mental health problems in our society for several reasons .
(1) these drugs are very easy to abuse
(2) these drugs are readily available to anyone who wants to use them.
(3) both caffeine and nicotine have clealy addictive properties: use of them promotes further use, until one craves a regular “fix”
(4) it is difficult to quit using these drugs both because of their addictive properties and because they are so embedded in social context.
(5) the extreme difficulty most people have in dealing with the withdrawal symptoms when trying to “break habit” often produces frustration.
