Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
Biopsychological model
A
most disorders are not caused by a single factor, they come from a mix of biological, psychological, and social factors
2
Q
eclectic view
A
use aspects of different psychological perspectives
3
Q
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM
A
super controversial book
help clinicians identify mental disorders
op definitions of all the different disorders
4
Q
deinstitutionalization
A
get people into the community
5
Q
Neurodevelopment Disorder
A
Intellectual Disability
Autism Spectrum Disorder
6
Q
Intellectual Disability
A
impairments of general mental abilities that impact adaptive functioning in 3 areas
- cognitive ability
- social skills
- life skills
symptoms begin before adulthood
comorbid with depression
ADHD, autism spectrum sexual dysfunction
severity determined by adaptive functioning
7
Q
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
people with ASD fall on a continuum from mild to severe
8
Q
Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
need to have symptoms in childhood language development social development cognitive development need for routine
9
Q
language development Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
impaired delayed language development
echolalia- repeat words or phrases
confuse I or me and use
10
Q
echolalia
A
language development Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
repeat words or phrases
11
Q
social development Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
difficulty reading others facial expressions or body language withdrawn in their own world or head inappropriate emotions "egocentric-" just seem it lack empathetic understanding (caught up in own world, not incompassionate) lack imaginative play often don't like being touched
12
Q
Cognitive development Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
Highly intelligent to severe intellectual disability
T Grandin
A Turing
13
Q
Need for routine Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
need to follow same patterns, habits... like schedules... sometimes engage in repetitive movements -spinning - head banging - rocking
14
Q
Onset and Prevalence Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
6 months to 3 years
1/88 cildren
75% both
15
Q
Causes of Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
??????? antibodies obese mothers older fathers mirror neurons ????
16
Q
Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
intense and expensive
academic
behavioral
17
Q
Attention Deficit and/ Hyperactivity Disorder
A
persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity that interfere with functioning
must be diagnosed by a medical doctor
common diagnosis
18
Q
Inattention part of ADHD
A
at least 6 months lack of attention to detail doesn't follow directions disorganized trouble focusing
19
Q
Hyperactivity/impulsivity part of ADHD
A
excessive talking
interrupting
at least 6 months
20
Q
True or false: you need inattention and hyperactivity to have ADHD
A
false
21
Q
Do medications cure ADHD?
A
no just short term
22
Q
What helps ADHD long term?
A
behavioral therapy and counseling
23
Q
Causes of ADHD
A
???? 1. television and screentime before 3 years old 2. genetics 3. neurotransmitter imbalance (dopamine) 4. brainwaves 5. lead in blood 6. family environment learning 7. Higher arousal thresholds need to be more active
24
Q
Treatment for ADHD
A
Europe- behavior coaching and diey
here- drugs and behavior
some studies indicate that drugs show benefits in short term, but, in general, in the long term, no difference between them and behavioral
25
Tourette's
```
multiple motor ticks and one or more verbal tick
can occur at different times
can change over time
ex. clicks
coprolalia
```
26
Coprolalia
scream obscenities in fits
can vary in severity
more males
part of Tourette's
27
Therapy Tourette's
some drugs?
cognitive behavioral?
symptoms often decrease with age
28
Conduct Disorder
reptitive persistent patterns of behavior basic rights or others/norms violated
deceitfulness/stealing (lie to get stuff)
physically harm
damaging property
violating rules (serious)
KIDS AND ADOLESCENTS
when they go to jail. often repeat behavior when they get out
lack of empathy
no regard for others
callous unemotional children
29
What is conduct disorder often misdiagnosed as?
ADHD or OCD
30
Affect
emotion
31
DSM criteria for Schizophrenia
```
2 symptoms for 6 months
-delusions = unreal beliefs
- hallucinations
- disorganized
- Other symptoms
that cause occupational or social dysfunction
```
32
Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorder
greek for split mind
| NOT multiple personality disorder
33
What are the two ways to classify Schizophrenia?
DSM-5 Criteria
| Medical Model
34
Medical Model classification for Schizophrenia
```
2 parts negative and positive symptoms
negative symptoms
missing behaviors that other/most people have [deficit]
- lack of affect (emotion)
- avolition- lack of drive
cognitive defecits
- memory troubles
- executive functioning impaired (plannign decision making )
- trouble communicating
social defecits
- trouble in interpersonal relationships
positive symptoms
have behavior most people don't have
- hallucinations
- disorganized thinking
- delusions
```
35
Onset and Prevalence of Schizophrenia
```
about 1% of population
high in lower SES
beigins in teen years
drastically reduces functions
females show signs later than men
20% patients deny
```
36
acute schizophrenia
sudden onset 1 event triggers
37
chronic schizophrenia
gradual decline in functioning
38
Prognosis of Schizophrenia
NIMH about 10% of Schizophrenic men commit suicide
1/3 mental hospital beds filled by schizophrenics
67% successfully treated ( with lots of support)
1/2 recover about 1/2 need ongoing support
33% not helped by treatment
80% relapse without ongoing treatment
female show signs later 20s
researchers look clues in childhood
ventricles with fluid larger
39
Diathesis-Stress Model
Diathesis (genetic) stressors
| genetic predisposition + trauma
40
Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia
```
genetics
- inherited genes?
brain structure and chemistry
- enlarged ventricles
-smaller prefrontal cortex
- amygdala
- excess dopamine
viral infection
- correlational data
- colder in winter, more with schizophrenic
- some think genetically predisposed
- flu epidemic = trauma
neural pruning
- neural networks in adolescence have problems
- in adolescence wants to be efficient
- may be excess pruning
- found schizophrenics with abnormal neural connections
Diathesis Stress Model
- genetic predisposition and stressors
```
41
Bipolar Disorder
significant changes in mood, energy, and activity
extreme mood swings from depression to manic episodes
- they switch
- cycles daily or every few months
42
Symptoms of mania and hypomania
mood changes = euphoria, extreme happiness or intense rage
cognitive changes- inflated self-esteem from wild behavior, intability to evaluate seld, thoughts all over the place
behavioral changes = very talktaitve, increased goal directed behavior
excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
very little sleep
Psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions)
- mania must last 1 week for most of the day
43
Symptoms of depression (bipolar disorder)
mood changes = intense despair, emptiness
cognitive trouble memory and concentration
suicide ideation
behavioral change- sleep disruptions. lots ot time sleeping
eating
lose interest in pleasurable activities
44
Onset and Prevalence of Bipolar Disorder
-.5-1%
in males and females
early in 20s manic phase
comorbid with abuse, anxiety, PTSD, heart disease
45
Treatment for Bipolar Disorder
Lithium, mood stabilizing drugs
46
Cyclothymic Disorder
low grade and long term bipolar
mood swings less intense
tough to diagnose
people with it tend to be moody and unpredictable
shows multiple symptoms for at least 2 years and is symptom free for less than two months at time
47
Disruptive Mood Disregulation Disorder
DSM-5
children show persistent irritability/anger with severe out of proportion outbursts of rages
-2-3 rimes/week for 1 year
happens in settings (home school playground)
before age 16 years
6-18 yeats
missing bipolar
48
Treatment for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
medication and therapy
| cognitive behavioral therapy
49
Learning Explanation for Mood Disorders
learned helplessness
lack of clear operant (rewards and punshiminets)
environmental (observed parents)
reciprocal determinism (aggect others attention for depression)
50
Biological Explanations for Mood disorders
```
genetics
hormones
brain structure
thyroid
neurotransmitters (seratonin)
```
51
Cognitive Explanations for Mood Disorders
```
pessimistic explanatory style
external locus of control
internal locus of control
cognitive dissonance
overgeneralization
misiniterpretation of life events
learned helplessenss
```
52
Psychotherapy
broad term for any type of therapy that relies on psychological explanations and treatment
- healthy and ill people can use it
53
Methods of Therapists
1. diagnose problems DSM-5
| 2. determine treatment strategy --> most use an eclectic approach
54
etiology
history and causes of a disorder
| heestory and keeeeesses
55
psychopathology
a disorder of the mind; a psychological illness
56
comorbidity
overlap of 2 disorders
| drug abuse and anxiety disorders are often morbid b/c people use drugs/alcohol to self-medicate to relieve anxiety
57
concordance
degree that 2 individuals share the same disorder, disease, characteristic
- we talked about this when we covered twin studies
58
Prevalence
how often a disorder occurs in a population
59
Incidence
```
# of new cases diagnosed in a time period
psyxhologists interested in disorders when the incidence rates change over time
```
60
Psychological Assessment
set of tests to help understand an individual
a complete assessment should include
- physical exam
- interview with individual and others in his/her life
- psych tests (like the ones we've already talked about)
- therapists use these assessments and the DSM-5
- DSM-5 gives operational definitions of psychological disorders
- it lists symptoms but it doesn't give causes
61
Criticisms of DSM-5
published in May 2013 after heated debates on many topics
| 2 major areas of diasgreement are autism and personality disorders
62
3 major sections of DSM-5
Section 1: DSM-5 basics (an introduction and directions about how to use the manual)
section 2: Diagnositc criteria and codes (the lists of symptoms needed to diagnose a disorder)
section 3L categories that need more research
63
Does the DSM-5 include info about treatment?
nope
64
Anti-deptressants
```
EFFECT:
decrease negative mood
help restore sleep cycles
HOW:
alter neurotransmitter levels (serotonin and epinephrine)
Brain structure altered)
EX
tricyclics (older not often used)
MAO inhibitors (potent, highly interactant, not used often)
SSRIs such as Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
```
65
Anti-anxieties (tranquilizers)
```
EFFECT:
reduce stress
relax muscles
decrease panic
sleep aid
HOW:
allow GABA to work better
depress overactive sympathetic NS
EX
Barbiturates (older, addictive, not used often)
[pirate, related to fear]
Benzodiazepines- valium, Xanax, Atavan, Klonopin [Ben---> bend ---> legal]
```
66
anti-psychotics (neuroleptics)
EFFECT
best treatment for schizophrenia becuase reduces the positive symptoms
HOW
dopamine antagonists (block receptors)
EX
older drugs had serious side effects (Tardive Dyskinesia)
newer druds with less side effects such as Haldol, Zyprexa, Risperdal
67
Other important drugs
Reduce mania and depression Lithium, Depakote
| reduce ibsessions SSRI ANAfranil (fran--frantic-- obsession)
68
Psychological Disorders
any behaviors that are at least partly emotional and severe enough to cause a person to
1. harm himself/herself or others (phsyical and/or emotional)
2. not function effectively (maladaptive behaviors) or at risk
3. seem unusual- both statistically and deemed abnormal by majority in society
4. behavior is irrational, indefensible, unjustifiable atypical, disturbing
69
Biological perspective
medical
disorders are a result of physiological problems
could be a neruotransmitter or hormone imbalance, brain damage, brain structure, abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, certain drugs
therefore, disorders can be treated with drugs, or rarely surgery
logical to think physiological, bad brain body
70
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
unconscious problems such as early conflicts, defense mechanisms, or imbalance between id, efo, superego
Neo- freudians claimed that interpersonal, social problems caused disorders
therefore treatment is psychoanalysis to determine the root of the conflict
anal for Freud
can't analyze your own conflict
C B unconscious
see saw that won't stop moving
71
Learning
behaviorism
disorders are strictly a behavioral problem; it isn't a symptom of an underlying problem
result of environmental repsonse (punsihsments and rewards after stressful situations)
learning (acquisition) of inappropriate behaviors
therefore, treatment is to tuse classical or operant conditioning to unlearn maladaptive pattens
(extinction of behavior)
environment--> response, repeatm relearn
72
Cognitive
disorders are a result of faulty thinking about yourself, situations
like behaviorists, cognitive therapists see symptoms as disorder
therefore, treatment is cognitive therapt to correct the maladaptive thinking patterns
brain has faulty
all cogged up
73
Humanist
disorders are a result of stress because of incongruence between self-concept and ideal seld or failure to meet drive toward self-actualization
person doesn't value self or gials
disorders are a result
treatment is to resude the gap between the self-concept and ideal seld
pateint conscious choices to changes
patient needs to take responsibility for self and achieving goals
Human I want to be
be hum you want to be
man ist cool
conscious change
74
Anxiety disorders
anxiety- a feeling of unease or dread
fear0 scared of a specific thing; a reaction to danger
high levels of stress that are out of proportion to the actual threat or danger--> this hinders a person's ability to dunction
75
Symptoms of anxiety disorders
mood symptoms: stress, tension, depression but sufferer can't give a reason for feelings
cognitive symptoms: focus on trying to determine cause of mood leads to frustration, don't know how to cope with problems
physical symptoms: aroused SNA (sweating, pulse and breathing increase, etc)
stiomachache; avoidance of anxiety-causing activities; restlessness (mar pace, tap fingers) that sufferer is unaware of
must last 6 omtnhs to qualify as disorder
76
Diagnosis of Anxiety Disoreder
when fo these symptoms mean a disorder?
level of anxiety is so high that you avoid certain things
can you identify source of stress or is it frequent and everyday
what are consequences?
77
Specific Phobia
intense fears of intifiable things or situations
sufferer changes life to avoid phobic triggering things
frequently starts in teens
fear interferes with life or sufferer is distressed about it for it to be a disorder
more women
high comorbidity iwth depression
78
phobaphobia
fear of fear
79
acrophobia
fear of heights
80
thanatophobia
fear of death
81
hematophobia
fear of blood
82
cynophobia
fear of dogs
83
panophobia
several phobias and then afraid of everything
84
Social Anxiety Disorder
fear of social interactiosn that is so intense that it is distressing or disabling
fear interferes with normal. school, work, and everyday life activies
a person id so afreaid of being observed that don't go out to eat
tend to develop in adolescence
separate category for perfromance only
85
Panic Disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attacks
fear about having another one, its consequence
change in behavior due to panic attack
mostly women
86
panic attack
brief but severe phsyical reaction to fear (very stimiulated SNS)
may feel like heart attack
can be expected or unexpected
87
expected panic attack
person is about to do something stressful
88
unexpected panic attack
person is sitting enjoying a movie and it happens
89
agoraphobia
fear of places that may cause panic
90
Generalized ANxiety Disorder
excessive anxiety and worry occuring more says than not for at least 6 months about a number of events or activities
can't control worry
suffers from at least 3 of the following: restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
causes significant distress or impaitment
roujhly 6% has at some point
91
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and conduct disorders
new category in DSM-5
in general, symptoms are significant problems in emotional and behavioral self-control
ODD, Pyromania, Kleptomania
ADHD comorbid with many disotders
92
present
the verb used with sympyoms in medical and psychological discussions
93
internalizing disorders
person takes problems out on seld
presents with negative emotions such as distress, fear, self-criticism
maladaptive coping mechanisms tend to hurt individual with disorder but these symptoms can also hurt people around person
more common in females
94
externalizing disorders
person takes problems out on others OR the maladaptive xoping mechanisms cause problems for others
person presents with substance abuse, anfer violence (BUT symptoms can also hurt person)
more common in males
95
Mood Disorders/Depressive Disorders
emotional feelings serious enough to disrupt cognitive, social, and/or physicalfunctioning
can be caused by both environmental factors and biological causes
affect- emotion
higher than average incidence in highly creative people
96
Clinical depression
```
major depression or unipolar depression
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORER
severe feeling s of sadness
often feel worthless
short of breath
```
97
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
mood/ emotional = sadness, empty feeling
cognitive- memoty/sleep/food issues
behavioral symptoms= withdraw (severe enough that it is disabling)
physical changes = gain/lose weight
look really tired
symptoms must persist for at least 6 wks
cause distress or impairment
not due to medical problems
can be one episode or recurrent can be due to bereavement
98
Onset and Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder
Rates of depression have increased dramatically over the last 30 year
4% of men (probably higher), 9% of women (more willing to admit)
-symptoms may be different women tend to show typical reactions
- men may aggressive
most common psych disorder after addiction
GREATEST RISK IS 15-24. 35-44 1 study said 1/6 of teens have at least one episode before grad
because most are exaggerated normal emotions, widerspread belied that people can snap out
lost of perople can recover w/o therapy but others do need help
talk therapt
80% successful in treatment
99
dysthymic disorder (persistent depressive disorder)
low grade, long term depression
2/3% of population
often diagnosed
general feeling of sadness last 2 years, but dont' meet depression criteria can still function
100
Seasonal Affective Disorder
depression trigerred by lack of daylight
SAD
sitting in front og bright lights
circadian rhthyms
101
Suicide
OUTCOME OF Mood disorders can be suicide
| 1 symptom of depression is suicide ideation men tend to choose more letha;
102
suicide ideation
thoughts of death, suicide
103
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
used to be considered anxiety disorder but not anymore
104
OCD
consistent prescence of unwanted thoughts or urges to do task
obsession = thoughts
compulsions= actions, often ritualistic
People do the complsuions to make themselves feel better
they usually realize that it doesn't make sense/ is not rational
compulsions must take more than 1 hour each day
common compulsions: counting, checking appliances to make sure they;re off
life altering and stressful
glutamate levels in thalamus are different
105
Body dysmorphis disorder
preoccupation with one and perceived deficits in appearance that are not observable or slight to others
comorbid with anorexia (anorexia nervosa is comorbid with this )
muscle dysphora- obsession with having muscles
106
paranoid personality disorder
suspiscious of others, expects bad treatment, blames others for problems
odd eccentric disorder
107
schizoid personality disorder
odd eccentric disorder
| difficulty in forming relationships, indfferent to others
108
schizotypal personality disorder
seriously eccentric or bizarre, magical thinking, may be a mild form of schizophrenia
odd-eccentric disorder
109
Borderline personality disorder
instability in moods, self-image, and relationships with others
dramatic erratic disorder
110
narcissistic personality disorder
self-important, selfish, self-centered, lacks empathy for toehrs, manipulative, fantasizes about past and future successes
dramatic erratic disorders
111
histrionic personality disorder
"on stage" attention seeking, shallow emtions, manipulative and demanding
dramatic-erratic disorder
112
antisocial personality disorder
superficially hcarming and sincere but actually very self-centered and insincere, shows no guily or remorse for harming others, formerly psychopathic personality disorder
dramatic erratic disorder
113
avoidant personality disorder
avoids relationships for fear of rejection very low self esteem
anxiety fearful disorders
114
dependent personality disorder
anxiety fearful disorder
low self- confidence, reluctant to take responsiblity, subordinates needs in facor of the needs of other, sensitive to criticism
115
obsessive-compulsvie personality disorder
high concern for details and rules, perfectionistic, work-orteinted, sold and distant, relationship difficulties
anxiety- fearful disorder
116
Personality change due to another medical condition
a persistent personality disturbance that represents a change from the individuals previous characterisitc personality patten
117
Other specified personality disorder
personality disorders that do not meet the full criteria for any specified personality disorder
118
unspecidied personality disorder
clinician chooses not to specify the reason that the criteria are not met for a specific personality disorder
119
Somatic Symptom Disorders
a person has physical symptoms plus maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and actions as a response to the somatic (bodily) problems
causes significant distress or impairment to person's life b/c person is always monitoring seld and worrying
symptoms may or may not have a mediacl explanation
Hypochondriasis no longer used
not intentically faking
false pregnancy (pseudocyesis) rare exmpale,
hard to diagnose because person tends to believe health problem are not taken seriously
120
Conversion disorder
serious phyiscal problem as a result of emotional stress
eg going blinf, losing feeling in a limb
many of Freud's pateints had conversion disorder (convert anxiet into a physical symptom)
causes signigicant ddistress or impairment
soldiers patalyzed before battle
sudden onset and recovery
less common than past
Cambodian refugees
121
Dissociative Disorders
person appears to experience a sudden loss of memoty or a change in identitiy
RARE
122
Dissciative Identity Disorder
prescnce of two or more distinct identities or personality states
used to be MPF
transition between idetntities must be noticeable to person and others
one exp- people with troubled lives and other disordesr attempt to explain by suggesting more
123
Dissociate Amnesia
```
inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic nature
can last for hours or years
often reappears suddenly
can function
can include a fugue state
may assume new ident
different from amnesia
```
124
fugue state
purposeful travel or bewildered wandering that is associated with amnesia for identity or autobiographical information
125
selective amnesia
related just to indiced may be disordered but know how to like do things
126
generalized amnesia
just general
127
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
a long-term response to a traumatic event
the trigger to PTSD is exposure to actual or threatened deaht, serious injury, or secual violation
the exposure must result from one or more of the following in which the indifual
- experiences trauma directly
-witnesses trauma in prerson
- learns that trauma occured to close family or friend
0 expreiences first hand repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of traumatic event
Not media
128
Diagnose PTSD
intrustion symptoms
avoidance symptoms
negative cognitions and mood
arousal
129
intrusion symptoms (PTSD)
spontaneous memories, recurrent dreams, flashbacks or other intesne or prolonged psychological distress
130
avoidance symptoms (PTSD)
persistence avoidance of distressing memories, feelings
| efforts to avoid people, place that arouse negative memories
131
Negative cognitions and mood (PTSD)
persistnt negative beliefs about seld others
distorted cognitions abotu the causes or consequences of the traumatic even --> blame seld or others for it
typically in a negative state emotionally and inability to experience positive emoions
diminished interest in activities
inability to remeber key aspects of event
often comorbid with anxiety and depression
132
Arousal (PTSD)
aggressive, reckless or self-destructive behavior sleep distrubances HYPER-VIGILANCE or related problems
symptoms have to last at least 1 month
criteria for PTSD is lower for teens and kids than adults
there are separate criteria for children 6 and under
people who are already psychologvailly fragile or have toehr disorders seem to be more vulnerable to PTSD
e.g. Vietnam more from low SES more likely childhood trauma
research says recovery from PTSD linked to how others react
research founf that child soldiers who were rejected had much higher rates of PTSD
133
Acute stress disorder
short term response to a trauamatic event
once stressor is over, symptoms don't last more than 6 months
acute, low grade form of PTSD
basically symptoms are similar to PTSD
event is relived through flashbacks, nightmares,,,
person shows noticeable anxiety (sleeping issues, irritability, concentation is poor, restless)
person avoids stimuli associated with the trauma
distressed or functioning is impaired
often described as numb
134
ABC model
```
Activating event
belief 9rational or irrational)
consequence
disputing irrational beliefs
effect of disputing irrational beliefs
ELlis
```
135
Goal of Rational Emotive Therapy
to see seld accurately raise esteem
136
selective abstraction
negative filter
| focus on negative aspects
137
over-generalixation
gloablization
| fail one test--> bas student
138
magnification/minimization
focus on negative(blow up mistakes)
| downplay positive
139
personalization q
take it to heart
| blame self for things that happen to others
140
see only absolutes
failure because no A
perfectionsist
black and white
wont' settle
141
leanred helplessness
feel like you have no choice but to give up (powerfless)
142
Causes of disorters according to cognitive psychotherapy
disorders are the result of incorrect thinking
143
Treatmeents (Cognitive psychotherapy)
treatment is change maladatpive thoughts
therapists role is to help patients fiscover their disordered thinking and replace with healthier
RET [Ellis}
Beck
144
Cognitive Triad
Beck
negative thinking
experiences that support negaitive thinking
future consequences
145
Beck Cognitive therapy
```
depression
cognitive triad
therapists
evaluate client thought
reattribute blame to situation
challenge clint's basic assumptions
cognitive resturcturing
less confrontattional
```
146
Internal senctences
with Ellis, disorders come from harsh ones, must always do well
147
Causes of disorders- beavioral psychotherapy
disordered beavhior learned though rewards and punishments
| behavior is the problem
148
Behavioral treatments
unlearning behavior (counter condition)
driven by foal of getting rid of behavior
therapists must stick to behavior modification plant
149
Systematic desentization
use relzaation and fear reduction techniques to cute phobieas
best method for phobia treatment
step proces s
150
exposure (flooding)
phobias
patient must face fear and realize no harm
can be unethical
151
implosion therapy
also phobia
mental flooding
imagine self in fearful situation
feel anxiety but sage in office
152
aversion therapy
qtype of classical conditioning
pair unwanted behavior with unpleasnat stimulus
person associates behavior with something negative
153
Behavioral contracting
behavior modification
patient and therapist work out contract that sets out goals and actions patient needs to accopmish
reward proper behavior
154
token economy
instead of reward for proper behavior, get atoken, collect certain number of tokens and the get something
155
moedling
patient watches person or therpaist cope with fear
works best with anxieties and phobias
can work for addiction and individuals with eating disorders who are pretty recovered
156
Causes of Disorders Psyxhoanalytic
key to psychological disorders = unconscious
| disorder symptpm of underlyiong conflict
157
Psychoanalytic Treatment Goals
gain insight into unconscious conflict
| beak down unhealthy defense mechanisms
158
Psychoanalytic terapist role
intrepret statements to discover root problem of symptom, what is being repressed
once problem is discovered, use catharsis to conquer
may take a long time/lots of session
159
Psychoanalytic therapy session
therapist out of sight, asks questions, emotionally removed
160
dream analysis
```
Psychoanalytic patient tells therapist about dreams
geta t uncsconscious
wish fuldillment
manifest and latent content
project desires
```
161
free association
Psychoanalytic
| pateints jus tsay whatever comes to mind
162
word association
Psychoanalytic
therapist give patient a word and asks patient to respond
blocking or resisting treatment don't want to talk don't want anything to do with something, therapists happy knows where issue is
163
transference
patient projects feeling onto therapists
means trusts therapists enough
Good thing
Psychoanalytic
164
counter-transference
therapist projects feelings onto pateint
BAD
therapist should be objective and not vent
why therapiststs have own therapists
Psychoanalytic
165
Modern Psychodynamic treatmnent
based more on Neo-Freudians
more about society, not sex
fewer sessions
166
Measuring success in treatment
```
decrease in symptom
well being may increase
doesn't disrupt daily life and not as intense
pateint believes improved
people around patient see improvement
very hard to measure
```
167
individual therapy
most common
lil
usually once a week/once every two weeks
insurance may not pay
168
group therapy
advantages
patients share same problems
work together with THERAPIST AS MODERATOR
many self-help groups use similar models (AA)
NOT THE SAME AS SELF-HELP GROUP
169
family therapy
sees each mmber as part of system
| problems seen as more SITUATIONAL: than dispositional
170
COmmunity therapy D
de-institutionalization; focus on outpatient in community
key is early intervention and prevention
community health center
171
Humanistic Psychotherapt causes of disorders
incongruence between real and ideal self
self-concept doesn't fit expectations of others
lack of UPR
issues with self actualization
172
Humanistic Psychotherapy therapist (general_
```
open and empathetic
model for client
feel feelings
provide UPR
work with healthy people
```
173
Rogers
therapist active listening and provide UPR
| refelctive listening
174
gestalt therapy
```
humanistic
Fritz Perls 1960 emphasis on client becoming whole and accepting responsibility for recovery current problems, not passing
more challenging
focus on inconstancies
welsome feeling
wanted to be best could be
```
175
Dialectical Behavioral therapy
Linehan 1980s
helps suicidal patients
eliminate dangerous behaviors
look for explanations from patient (for behavior)
change thinking and behaviors to have a happier and more productive life
Cognitive therapy
176
Biological Model Causes and Treatments of disorders
disordered behavior a result of physiological abnormalisites
treatment is medical intervention (usually
drugs)
- most cases, drugs are combined with other
treatments
drugs
177
Psychosurgery
pbrain surgery
178
Lobotomy
cut of fpart of frontal lobe (calms) (Often prefrontal cortex)
worked but did other damage
mostly 1930s
up through nose
179
Deep Brain stimulation
put an electrode in brain to stimulate certain locations
2005 alternative to ETC
reduces severe depression in patients who
don’t respond to drugs
• sometimes the device is permanently
implanted in the chest to provide regular
stimulation (like a pace maker)
180
Electroconvulsive therapy
shock
181
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
magnets
182
Szasz
against psychiatry
