Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
dendrite
A
part of a neuron
receives messages from other neurons
branch like projections
2
Q
soma
A
cell body of a neuron
surrounded by cytoplasm
held together by membrane
3
Q
axon and myelin sheath
A
tail along which electrical signals are conducted
myelin sheath protects axon and increases speed of action potential
dysfunction in myelin sheath leads to MS
4
Q
terminal button and vesicles
A
where neurotransmitters are released into the synapse
Vesicles contain the neurotransmitters
5
Q
Synapse
A
gap between terminal buttons of presynaptic sending neuron and dendrites of the postsynaptic receiving neuron
6
Q
afferent (sensory) neuron
A
carry messages to interneurons in the brain and spinal cord
a for appraoch
7
Q
efferent (motor) neuron
A
transmit message to muscles and glands
e for exits
sends it to effector cells
8
Q
interneurons
A
transmit impulses between other neurons
the middle man
9
Q
mirror neurons
A
begin firing in specific parts of brain when another as it you were also doing those things
ex. see someone srying –> neurons will fire in your brain in an area associated with crying even though you are not crying
10
Q
Glial cells
A
support cells that hold together message-sending neurons and support their functioning
some have message sending capacity
Glue
11
Q
Presynaptic neuron
A
sens message
12
Q
postsynaptic neuron
A
receives message
13
Q
Message transition
A
resting state —> firing threshold —-> action potential using all or none principle —> refractory period
14
Q
Reuptake
A
after the axon releases neurotransmitter across a synapse, it reabsorbs any neurotransmitter that was released but not picked up by the posy-synaptic neuron’s dendrite
15
Q
sodium-potassium pump
A
cell excitation begins process of depolarization, positive sodium ions rush into cell and potassium ions flow out, leaving cell more positive charged in the inside than outside
when there is enough positive change, neurons fire
16
Q
Lock and key analogy
A
the neurotransmitter is like a key and the receptor site is like the keyhole or lock
17
Q
agonists
A
enhance or amplify action of certain neurotransmitter
cocaine
18
Q
antagonists
A
antagonists inhibit action of neurotransmitter
19
Q
GABA
A
inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
low levels lead to anxiety and seizures
20
Q
Glutamate
A
primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
too much leads to seizures, bipolar disorders
excited when glued to your mate
21
Q
Substance P
A
sends pain message; linked to fibromyalgia, linked to other pain disorders
22
Q
Endorphins
A
alleviate pain; chronic pain and fibromyalgia due to reduced endorphin activity
23
Q
neuron
A
basic building block of the nervous system
24
Q
ACh
A
voluntary muscle movements; memory; low levels linked to Alzheimer’s disease
ACh and Alzheimer’s both start with A
25
Dopamine
learning, pleasure, muscle control, and attention
| linked to Schizophrenia and Parkinson's
26
serotonin
appetite, sleep, mood; low levels linked with depression and anxiety
tonin---> tone---> toned down----> when toned down, puede ser very bad
27
norepinephrine
alertness, arousal
| low levels correlated with depression
28
central nervous system
spinal cord [spinal cord --> spine ---> fine ---> automatic response to questions ---> automatic response ---> reflex] and reflexes + brain
29
Limbic system
amygdala
hippocampus
hypothalamus
30
amygdala
part of limbic system
| aggression, fear, formation of emotional memories [a for anger and aggression]
31
hippocampus
formation of memories
part of limbic system
hippo on campus trying to remember where to go
32
Hypothalamus
```
part of limbic system
four Fs (Flight/fear, fight, food, fornication); homeostasis; regulates hormones along with endocrine system [hypothalamus ---> mus ---> must ----> MUST maintain homeostasis]
```
33
Cerebral Cortex
(F.P.O.T) "the location of intellect"
34
frontal lobe
part of cerebral cortex
"executive" brain in charge of planning and decisions (think Olive) includes Broca's area
and houses motor cortex at the back of the lobe
35
Where are lobotomies done?
motor cortex
36
Broca's area
responsible for the physical ability to speak
BRO, CA(o)me on, can't you understand me?
left hemisphere, frontal lobe
37
parietal lobe
awareness of body movement and location
houses somatosensory cortex
[parietal ---> par --> golf ---> sport ---> movement ---> awareness]
parietal ---> bridal --> lift over threshold --> movement
part of cerebral cortex
38
temporal lobe
hearing, speaking, and some sight; contains Wernicke's area
houses auditory cortex
[temporal ---> tempor ---> temper ----> steam coming out of your ears ---> ears ---> hearing]
part of cerebral cortex
39
Wernicke's area
responsible for language comprehension
| in temporal lobe
40
Occipital lobe
sight
houses visual cortex in the back of the lobe [occipital ---> occ --> occlumency ---> see into other people's minds ---> see]
part of cerebral cortex
41
Medulla
part of hindbrain
primary functions include breathing, heartbeat, and circulation and secondary features include swallowing and digestion [medulla ----> medusa ----> ancient Greece ----> ancient ----> really really really really old ---> primitive-----> medulla part of primitive brain
42
Cerebellum
```
part of hindbrain
balance and coordination
(aka reptilian or little brain)
[cerebellum ---> antebellum ----> sectional BALANCE ---> balance and movement]
also, classical conditioning
```
43
reticular formation/RAS
hind and mid brain
alertness and consciousness
[Reticular Formation ----> RF ----> ref ----> get your head in the game ---> be alert ---> RF controls alertness]
44
Thalamus
the switchboard of the brain
links the brainstem and relats sensory info to cerebral cortex
ex. hear ---> thalamus ----> temporal lobes [auditory cortex]
45
Corpus callosum
bridges two hemispheres and allows for communication between the hemispheres
split brain patients
like a phone wire
46
Peripheral Nervous System
neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord. Carries info from the sensory organs to the CNS to the muscles, glands, and internal organs (acts like Hermione in Book 4 when she has to carry messages from Ron to Harry and back again)
47
Somatic System/Skeletal Nervous System
part of the peripheral nervous system
voluntary movement in skeletal muscles, sensory and motor nerves
soma = body
48
autonomic nervous system
internal systems
involuntary movement
autonomous country- acts all by itself (except happier about it than the ALLL BY MYSELFFFF song) (except it doesn't have feelings)
part of Peripheral Nervous System
49
Sympathetic division
```
part of autonomic nervous system
troubleshooter
Johnny Thompson story- arms got cut off. ran into his house and called his aunt with a spinny phone and like a pencil in his mouth. Then went and sat in bath so he wouldn't get blood on the floor
activates body in times of danger
fight/flight response
```
50
Fight/response
```
part of sympathetic nervous system
increases:
heart rate
breathing
adrenaline
norepinephrine
sweat
decreases:
digestion
```
51
Parasympathetic division
part of autonomic nervous system
housekeeping [HOUSEKEEPING]
the trick to remember this is that it is responsible for housekeeping and calms you down, like Ban who said housekeeping
parachute- brings you down
calms body
gets that digestion to increase [banno----> WJB ---> three letter acronym things ---> BLT ----> food ----> digestion]
52
Opponent-process systems
antagonistic systems that work to maintain homeostasis by performing opposite functions and keeping each other in balance
ex. somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
53
What is the important thing to remember about the Peripheral Nervous System?
It is made up of antagonistic systems
54
Endocrine system
sends message using hormones in the blood
| slower acting but longer lasting
55
hormones
type of chemical messenger
| part of endocrine system
56
glands
secrete hormones
| part of endocrine system
57
pituitary gland
```
directs other glands of the endocrine system
released oxytocin (not oxycontin) and human growth hormone
part of endocrine system
```
58
adrenal gland
fight or flight responses through secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
part of endocrine system
59
thyroid
growth and metabolism
| part of endocrine system
60
pancreas
metabolizes sugar
insulin lowers it and glucagon raises it
part of endocrine system
61
ovaries and testes
primary sex charactersitics: reproduction
secondary sex characteristics: other factors in puberty
ovaries produce progesterone and estrogen
testes produce androgens (testosterone)
part of endocrine system
62
pineal gland
part of endocrine system
| inside brain, secrete melatonin (a sleep-inducer_ and are involved in light/dark cycles
63
pheromones
part of endocrine system
| chemical messengers that communicate between members of the same species
64
DNA
you know this (even if you don't have a biotech advantage )
65
genes
those things you wear sometimes when you are feeling more ambitious than sweatpants
66
heterozygous genes
different
67
homozygous genes
same
68
dominant genes
the ones that show up
69
recessive genes
the ones that don't show up because they are disloyal and fakers
70
chromosomes
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
71
phenotypes
physical characteristics
72
genotypes
genetic characteristics that one cannot see
73
sex chromosomes
the ones that get down and dirty
74
sex-linked genes
genes carried on sex chromosomes that have nothing to do with sex characteristics
think colorblindness and hemophilia
75
sex-limited genes
genes on x and y, but only expressed in one gender
| facial hair, breast development, etc..
76
XXY (Klinefelter's syndrome)
males
extra x chromosome
lack of sexual development
possible infertility and psychological problems
77
XYY
additional Y chromosome
taller than average
people thought it was related to acne but not anymore
not inherited, just random
may be related to learning disabilities, but who really knows
lower IQ
78
XO (Turner's Syndrome)
females missing an X chromosome, leaving them sexually underdeveloped and (I think) often with learning disabilities
people with this syndrome are infertile
79
sickle cell
mutated form of hemoglobin that distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape that causes low oxygen levels
80
Twin and adoption studies
help determine the effect of nature and nurture
81
PKU (Phenylketonuria)
missing enzyme that breaks down amino acids so they build up in the body and can cause intellectual disabilities
if caught early, certain diets can make this manageable
82
Cystic Fibrosis
extra mucus in the lungs can make breathing difficult
83
Tay Sachs
degenerative mental disease
84
Down Syndrome
extra gene on chromosome 21. Also called trisomy 21
Symptoms include slanted eyes, flat faces, short fingers, short stature, heart problems, and intellectual disabilities (among others)
85
Concordance rates
tells the likelihood that someone else will have the disorder given that one person has it
86
heritability
the degree to which a trait in a population is attributable to genes
87
Genetic predisposition
being born with a tendency towards a certain trait (ie alcoholism) but the genes are not the only determining factor
88
genetic determinism
trait completely controlled by genes (ie short fingers in people with Down Syndrome)
89
XX male syndrome
looks like a guy (phenotype) but chromosomally female
have male reproductive parts, but don't go through normal puberty (breasts, lack facial hair)
infertile
90
Roger Sperry
conducted experiments on the corpus callosums of cats
91
Phineas Gage
rod stuck through head, lived, but was a very different person
92
Gazzaniga
continued with experiments on split brain patients
93
Wilder Penfield
mapped the motor and sensory areas of the cortex
94
Positron Imaging Tomography
imaging test that highlights glucose metabolism with a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for disease in body
PET scan shows how organs and tissues are working
95
Magentic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
use strong magnetic fields to form images of organs and structures in the body
96
Computed Tomography (CT)
combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the bones and soft tissues inside of your body
97
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
test that detects electrical activity in your brain using small, flat metal discs (electrodes) attached to your scalp
98
fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI tech that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
99
Brain lateralization
theory that left and right have different functions (two different brains)
100
Brain plasticity
brain creates new neurons through neurogenesis throughout life
brains rewire themselves to compensate for the loss of function resulting form injury or illness
101
Where is language processed?
left side of brain
Broca's area (frontal lobe)
Wernicke's area (temporal lobe)
