Perception and Sensation Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
stimulus
A
outside factor affects senses
2
Q
receptor cells
A
specified neurons receives message and send to brain
3
Q
detection
A
awareness of a stimuli
4
Q
discrimination
A
telling 2 stimuli apart
5
Q
noise
A
not just what you hear background stimuli ex. heat disco taste in mouth lights peripheral vision microphone
6
Q
Psychophysics
A
human factors study physical energy and psych experience why did you respond to that how colors affect mood ideal brightness for dashboard lights
7
Q
Gustav Fechner
A
psychophysics experimental thought sensation couldn't be measured, only compared linked physical to subjective measured maxes and mins
8
Q
absolute threshold
A
how faint a stimuli can be and still be detected 50% of the time
when can a candle be seen in the distance
9
Q
difference threshold
A
just noticeable difference
min difference needed to tell 2 stimuli apart
when can the difference in brightness be detected in a candle in the distance
when is something louder
tone demo
10
Q
Weber’s law
A
blindfold shoe quarter demo proportional percent difference to sense it weight 2% jnd touch 4% jnd saltiness 20% jnd
11
Q
signal detection theory
A
box with whether a stimuli was present/ whether it was setected
12
Q
hit
A
a stimuli was present and detected
part of signal detection theory
hear baby cry and go to it
13
Q
miss
A
signal present but not detected
part of signal detection theory
don’t hear baby cry
14
Q
false alarm
A
signal absent but person says they detect the stimulus
part of signal detection theory
think you hear baby cry but nothing there
15
Q
correct rejection
A
signal absent and person says that they do not detect it
part of signal detection theory
knowing that the person who thought the baby was crying when it wasn’t was wrong because you didn’t hear it
16
Q
Detecting a stimulus
A
all senses do this
17
Q
distal stimulus
A
the actual object event sound or smell
ec. bush in courtyard
all sense have this
18
Q
transduction
A
changing stimulus into a electrochemical message
all sense do this
receptor cells transduce the image
19
Q
proximal stimulus
A
the stimulus as an electrochemical message
the bush on retina (would be upside down)
20
Q
intensity
A
amount of stimulus
measured in neurons
part of all senses
21
Q
quantitative info
A
rate of neural firing
part of all sense
22
Q
qualititative info
A
which neurons are firing? different receptors firing different combinations part of all senses eye red cones and green cones sweet and sour receptors
23
Q
sensory adaptation
A
decline in receptor activity when stimulus is unchanging
24
Q
habituation
A
decline in receptor activity when stimulus is unchanging
getting used to it
ex. swimming a cold pool
takes place in brain
25
sensory restriction
limit stimuli
healthy when you choose it
unhealthy when you don't choose it (torture) (sensory deprivation)
26
Divided Attention
focusing on two things
ex. reading and watching tv
phone and studying
27
Selective Attention
Choosing which stimuli to pay attention to
| ex. watching tv parent calls
28
Cocktail party effect
when attention shifts automatically from one person to someone else
convo with someone, hear name or something that grans attention
29
Change Blindness
Video with consent experiment and t shirts
miss large changes in visual world
someone else's problem
30
Dichotic Presentation
attention test
two stimuli people asked to attend to one or both
moonwalking bear
31
dichotic listening
two stories
32
dichotic viewing
moonwalking bear
33
Subliminal Perception
idea- a stimulus can affect a person's behavior even if not consciously processed
ex. Movie previews "eat popcorn" flashed
does not necessarily change behavior
no difference with popcorn
studies indicate not true
34
priming
```
different than subliminal messaging-- priming is for a word, not a behavior
short term effect for priming
pick it up and apply it
flash "pencil"
associated word with pencil
```
35
receptors in the eye
photoreceptors
| RODS AND CONES
36
message transmission in eye
stimulus (light) hits photoreceptors---> transduce light waves into electrochemical messages so nervous system can process it (rods and cones ---> bipolar cells ---> ganglion cells)
the axons of these ganglion cells make up the optic nerve, which joins each eye at brain base
optic nerve ----> thalamus ----> occipital lobe ---> visual cortex ----> specialized cells which fire for particular features (motion and feature detector cells )
37
motion detector cells
detected motion
38
feature detector cells
help you read
features put together in brain
look at aspects of letters and stuff
39
stimulus in vision
```
light
#prism #Newton
```
40
True or false: most objects emit light
false, most reflect it
41
Brightness
= intensity [depends on how it hits the retina and the environment]
one of the very important properties of light
42
Color
very important property of light
| determined by hue and saturation
43
hue
like shades
roughly 150 total hues
our perception of color doesn't always match spectrum
44
saturation
measure of hue's vividness
(purity)
"true" color [not too much white or black]
45
primary colors of pigment
art class
pigment absorbs light
also called primary subtractive colors
red + blue + yellow= black
46
primary colors of light
theater
stage lighting
additive primary colors physics
red + yellow + blue = white
47
Color Vision
over 150 million colors
48
Trichromatic Theory (Young-Helmholtz theory)
3 types of color receptors (cones)
red, green , and blue
red- red and yellow (long waves)
green- green, less yellow (medium waves)
blue- blue (short waves)
combine in different ways
sensitive to WHOLE spectrum, but in particular to part
fire more frequently certain colors
overlap and combine
test- colorblindness test (defective cones)
49
Opponent-process theory
```
more in ganglion cells
after receptors receive message (ganglion cells)
2 sets of opponent colors
blue/yellow and red/green
responsible for hues
cells get excited/inhibited. When one gets excited (like blue) another (yellow) gets inhibited
test/evidence:
afterimage test
```
50
light adaptation
squint
pupils constrict
iris contracting over pupil
51
dark adaptation
adjust to dark light
30 min
iris expands to let more light into pupil
52
Nearsightedness
myopia
eyeball too long
incoming light waves focus in front of retina, which blurs far away objects
53
Farsightedness
hyperopia
| eyeball too short waves focus behind retina, blurring nearby objects
54
cataracts
lenses become cloudy are removed or lzaers
| often with diabetes old age as well
55
Glaucoma
```
excess fluid (blood) behind eye and receptors can't fire
pot helps it (marijuana is a vasoconstrictor)
```
56
Blindness
damage to eye (most common)
damage to nerves (addicent)
damage to visual cortex
57
stimulus in hearing
vibration in ear
58
Loudness
determined by amplitude or strength of sound wave
59
Pitch
frequency determines pitch
frequency determined by wave length
greater wave length, lower pitch
60
decibels
measuring unit for sound
61
middle ear
energy [0 is abs threshold] amplifies every 10 is a tenfold increase
has ossicles
62
basilar membrane
floor of pond
lined with hair cells
ripples make hair cells bend
inner ear
63
cochlea
snail shaped tube in inner ear that has a membrane (oval window) which vibrates fluid to fill cochlea
where sound gets tranduced by hair cells
64
Outer ear
channels sound waves through auditory canal to eardrum
65
eardrum
membrane that vibrates with waves
66
middle ear
transmits eardrum's vibration through a piston made up of 3 bones, hammer, anvil and stirrup
67
ossicles
3 bones in middle ear that amplify sound (hammer anvil stirrup)
68
Hair cells
trigger impulses in nerve fibers, sending message
| weeds on a pond
69
sclera
white of an eye
70
Hearing Message Transmission
sound wave ---> outer ear ---> ear drum ---> middle ear [hammer, anvil, stirrup] ---> cochlea [oval window vibrates fluid when it receives vibrations]---> basilar membrane ripples----> hair cells bend ---> nerve fiber impulse triggered ---> auditory cortex
71
Place theory
hear different pitches because activity is triggered at different places
brain recognizes where on basilar membrane receives neural signals
only really works for high pitched sounds
72
Frequency Theory
neural impulses triggered at same rate as sound wave
pitch determined by frequency of neural impulses
BUT HOW DO WE HEAR PITCH ABOVE 1000 waves/second?
volley principle
73
volley principle
neural cells alternate firing so the combined is above 1000 waves/second
fire in a series
74
Locate sounds
having two ears helps
when a sound is on one side, that ear hears it sooner
minute but important
75
Conduction deafness
problems with mechanical system
(ex. punctured)
hearing aid can restore
76
nerve deafness
perceptive deafness
sensoineural
damage to hair cell receptors or associated nerves
caused by disease [less common], age [more common] exposure to loud musiv
once cell is dead, it is dead
cochlear implant --- sound ---> electric
rough approximation
not everyone supports these (national association of Deaf)
77
Vestibular Sense
```
balance
semicircular canals and vestibular sacks with fluid in them
Move > neurons fire
eyes help with balance
position and motion in a straight line
```
78
Motion Sickness
impairment of vestibular sense
conflict between eyes and inner ear
brain "I think I am being poisoned" ---> throw up
#borgia
79
Vertigo
impairment of vestibular sense
| severe chronic dizziness
80
Kinesthetic Sense
tells us where our bodies are in space
receptors---> skin, muscles, joints
receptors ----> detect positions ----> cerebellum ----> thalamus ----> somatosensory cortex
81
Stimulus of olfactory sense
chemical odors in air
82
Anatomy and Transmission of Olfactory Sense
Stimulus---> olfactory epithelium[just below frontal lobe transmits along olfactory nerve to amygdala and cortex] ----> receptors [in OE]
epithelium holds receptor cells
only goes to amygdala if emotion attached
prefrontal cortex if pleasant or aversion
olfactory bulb sits below prefrontal cortex
83
Pheromones
chemical message transmitted between members of same species
84
path of transmission in Olfactory sense
smell ---> olfactory receptors in olfactory epithelium ---> olfactory bulb ---> olfactory nerve ----> prefrontal cortex ---> amygdala
85
Anosmia
loss of sense of smell
86
Stimulus of Gustatory sense
chemicals in mouth
87
Anatomy and message transmission in Gustatory sense
taste receptors, located in taste buds
taste buds - roughly 10000 in mouth, throat, and tongue
taste receptors---> thalamus ---> somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe
88
What kinds of taste receptors are there?
```
salty
sweet
sour
bitter
umami (savory/yummy)
```
89
Which sense is the least sensitive?
Gustatory sense?
90
Which sense is the only one to not send messages to the thalamus?
Olfactory
91
Olfaction
sense of smell
92
Supertasters
```
thin and dislike vegetables
more women
more likely to be chefs
more receptors
supersensitivity to taste
```
93
Haptic Sense
(skin)
= touch = skin
3 types-- pressure, temperature, and pain
skin receptors for diff touch
pressure- diff firing threshold for different parts of body
receptors- blunt and sharp pressure
94
Sensing temperature
Haptic sense
receptors for warmth and cold
intense can activate both people then feel wetness
95
Pressure sensation
Haptic Sense
nerve fibers at base of hair follicle respond to hair movement
4 types in skin
96
Message transmission in Haptic Sense
Skin receptors---> effectors via reflex arc
skin receptors---> thalamus---> limbic
skin receptors----> thalamus ---> somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe
97
Gate Control Theory of Pain
spinal cord has gates that allow pain messages to pass through
gates are opened by substance P- lack of exercise, anxiety, disuse, thoughts
Gates closed by endorphins, sympathetic ns, relaxation, meditation, thoughts, behavior therapy, and surgery
go into pain
notice contours
relax
98
pain nerve fibers
two types
| fast fibers and slow fibers
99
fast fibers
sharp and immediate pain
100
slow nerve fibers
dull and steady pain
| chronic pain
101
Perception
organize, interpret, understanD
102
Organismic variables or Top Down Processing
processing that uses our experiences and expectations to interpret sensations
103
Perceptual set/Preceptual expectancy
ex. costume ball vs. seal act
ex. MAC DONALD
MAC HENRY
MAC MAHON
MAC HINERY
ex.
CHO
PHO
USE
ex. Folk
Croak
Soak
104
schemas
general idea about an object, event, or experience
| gender schemas- kids and hair
105
Frame of Reference
Personal experience form
short to tall
Freshman to senior
106
Depth Perception
Visual Cliff
| Video with googles---> inversion goggles
107
Monocular cues
```
Relative Size
Interposition
Relative Clarity
Texture Gradient
Relative Height
Relative Motion
Linear Perspective
Relative Brightness
```
108
Context
we interpret stimuli by viewing the surroundings
T
C A/H T
E
A
12 B/13 14
C
109
Bottom Up Processing
data one related in the brain from lower to higher levels of processing
110
pattern recognition
dog/bear an example of bottom up processing
| not the same as context
111
Template Matching/Prototype Matching
```
have models to recognize
allows us to see things in different forms
ex. fingerprints
snowflakes
"A" in different fonts
four wheels + motor = car
photos of non-letter letters
textbook
```
112
Feature Matching
part of bottom-up processing
brail research ----> discovered
feature detector cells + motion detectors
memory stores features and later matches to memory
113
Attention
auto and controlled processing
| how much energy do you need to understand it [stimuli]
114
Controlled processing (attentive processing)
```
noticing a stimuli after making conscious effort
learning to read
sound w. image
learning to drive a car
write an essay
```
115
Automatic Processing (pre-attentive)
notice stimuli without consciously processing it
driving today (not for Olivia and Melissa)
reading today
playing an instrument
116
Face Perception
type of bottom-up processing
humans discern info, moods, attention, sex, race etc
deficit when you can't do it
117
Prosopagnosia
```
very rare
= inability to recognize faces
face blindness
right hemisphere
includes friends, family, spouse
stroke/head injury can sometimes lead to this
```
118
Monocular Depth Perception
```
aka Pictorial Depth Cues
just need 1 eye
7
Interposition/occlusion
relative size
familiar size
detail/aerial perspective
linear perspective
texture gradient
position relative to horizon
```
119
Interposition/Occlusion
```
overlap
near object occludes farther one
one object covers all or some
barn covers house ---> barn is closer
monocular depth perception
```
120
relative size
far off project smaller retinal image than closer if they are same size
tiny humans/ bigger humans
monocular depth cue
121
familiar size
we know how large familiar objects are, so we can judge distance based on retinal image size
markers
tiny humans
monocular depth cue
122
Detail/aerial Perspective
Further away, more blurry
mountains, closer more visible, farther blurrier
monocular depth cue
123
Linear Perspective
seemingly parallel lines appear to converge in distance
monocular depth cue
#thatsketchbookassignment
124
Texture gradient
as a uniformly textured surface recedes, its texture continuously becomes denser
blades of grass clear when close, blurrier when far
fibers in a coat
monocular depth cue
125
position relative to horizon
```
monocular depth cue
remember when this caused like a revolt in our class and I think Dom had to form like a team to draw 3043424090 diagrams on the board and at least 7 different people tried to explain it?
```
all else being equal, objects below the horizon that appear high in visual field perceived as farther, objects above horizon low in visual field perceived as being closer
compare below to below and above to above
moon illusion
126
moon illusion
closer to horizon looks bigger
127
Binocular Cues
Binocular/Retinal Disparity
| convergence
128
Binocular/Retinal Disparity
```
each eye has a particular view
distance between object and retinal image is different for each eye
pencil
sausage fingers
binocular depth cue
```
129
Convergence
as object moves closer, muscles moves eyes toward each other
judge distance based on degree of cross-eyedness
Binocular depth cue
130
Motion parallax
the relative movement of objects that are at various distances from observer
watching scenery from moving car near objects pass quickly and far objects more slowly (like telephones poles fly by super quickly when near you)
helps brain calculate which objects are closer and which are further away
131
Motion Cues for depth perception
motion parallax
perceptual constancy
Size perception depends on distance perceptions
132
Perceptual Constancies
motion cue for depth perception
the brain perceives objects as constant, despite sensory info that could lead it to think otherwise
door still a rectangle even when it moves (shape constancy)
hand same size even if in face (size constancy)
133
Size perception depends on distance perceptions
farther away the object, then the smaller it is on retina
134
Optical illusions
fooled by depth cues
Ames Box
Ponzo Illusion
135
Ames Box
Zimbardo
| alter angles in room
136
Ponzo illusion
same size boxes, but using lines to judge distance. Box takes up more lines
receding parallel lines, same size, but one appears bigger because it sits on receding parallel lines
monsters chasing one another
RECEDING PARALLEL LINES
137
Muller-Lyer
straight lines with arrows
when arrows point out, looks longer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion
138
Waterfall effects
after effects of motion
spiral demo
spin ---> stationary ---> move in OPPOSITE direction
139
Stroboscopic motion perception
motion pictures
flipbook
claymtion
140
Phi Phenomenon
Phighway signs-- highway signs
| illusion of movement created by a particular flashing of lights
141
Induced movement
```
sit at light
car behind you creeps up
makes car feel like it is going backwards
train station
MUST BE STATIONARY
```
142
Gestalt Psychology
brain perceives patterns that are more than the sum of their parts the parts are arbitrary
143
Law of Closure
if something is missing in an otherwise complete figure, our minds tend to add to it
body in box
dashed triangle
144
Law of Similarity
our minds tend to group similar objects together
lots of ones and zeros = ones and zeros
xs and os
two interlocking pieces
145
Law of Proximity
objects are seen to belong with objects they are closer to, rather than more distant ones
3 groups vs. 15 dots
2 groups of shapes
group things
146
Law of Symmetry
Our minds tend to see things as being composed of as many symmetrical figures as possible
[ ][ ][ ]
147
Law of Continuity
our minds tend to view things as being composed of continuous fiugures
X = / + \
148
Figure/Ground and reversible figures
skull and face-- one seen as figure, other as background or vice verse
both can't be figures
chalice and faces
149
illusory contours
NOT CLOSURE
no real shape because not actual shapes
it is the circles with the shaded sectors that looks like it could make a rectangle
150
Common Movement
Canadian Geese = flock = V
lock at flock
loock at school of fish
look at murder of crows
151
Necker Cube
wire frame cube with no depth cues
152
Schroeder stairs
ambiguous figure
| no depth cues, we interpret
153
Hermann grid
black and white with gray blobs
154
Fechner
big name, founder of psychophysics
155
pupil
small adjustable opening that light enters through
| doesn't move
156
iris
a colored muscle that surrounds the pupil and regulates its size and the amount of light it lets in
157
Lens
behind the pupil focuses the incoming rays into an image by changing its curvature one a light sensitive surface
158
retina
multilayered tissue that lines the inside of the back of the eyeball that rays focus on
159
Bipolar cells
intermediaries
| next to rods and cones, activate ganglion cells
160
ganglion cells
make rope like strands that comprise the optic nerve
161
Optic nerve
carries info to the brain
162
Blind spot
where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no receptor cells
163
Rods
black and white vision sensitive in dim light periphery
| about 120 million
164
Cones
6-8 million
| see color many have their own bipolar cells to relay info precisely and in great detail
165
Fovea
the retina's area of central that contains only cones
166
Oliver Sacks
has prosopagnosia
