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Research Methodology Flashcards

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1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founded the first psychology lab in Germany in 1897
Wilhelm has an I in it, I looks like 1, so you know that it is the first
Gave subjects various stimuli and asked them to describe what they saw/felt #Introspection
Structuralist

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2
Q

Structuralism

A 
want to understand how brain works 
Problems with it 
Introspection- vague and subjective 
No way to determine if proposed structures exist 
Sensation vs. Perception (Pain scale)
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3
Q

William James

A

Principles of psychology (1890)
Interested in what mind does NOT how it does it (Why people thought or acted in certain wayzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz)
Leader of psychology (not first follower)
Functionalist
A room can be clean and messy at the same time
Evolutionary psych
Influenced by Darwin

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4
Q

Functionalism

A

How does this get used in your life?

What are the practical applications of Jean Paul Marat?

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5
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Explain psych in terms of evolution

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6
Q

James B Watson

A

First Behavioralist
Studied how enviro influences actions
social conditioning: changing behavior by changing enviro
Little Albert

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7
Q

Pavlov

A

Pavlov dog bell experiment

Mean Guy who did surgery on everyone

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8
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Big Forehead Skinner

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9
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Believed in unconscious factors, such as sex and agression (Dose Austrians doe)
Child experiences shape personality——> ex. Oedipal Complex Electra Complex
Psychoanalysis
Very influential but highly criticized but you can’t really test below-conscious level stufffzzzzzz

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10
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

learning about unconcscious and childhood by talking to patients
like psychiatrist
How does it make feeeeeeeeel?

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11
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

Gestalt

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12
Q

Gestalt

A

How people perceive forms as wholes in this crazy, segmented world of ours
recognized tune, not individual notes
dashed note (Whattt?????

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13
Q

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytical

A

modernnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
actions and thoughts are driven by unconscious motivations, therefore negative behaviors need to resolved by controlling unconscious factors
Neofreudianism
MODERN

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14
Q

Behavioral Psychology

A

Actions and T(heyyyyyy)houghts based on consequences of action in pasts
classic conditioning- pavlov associations
Operant/Oparent COnditioning- behavior responses followed by favorable responses are strengthened
MODERN

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15
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Behaviors are driven by consciious thoughts
BE WHO YOU WANT TO BE (saraaaa bareills HU made you king of anything??)
Focuses on people’s abuility to direct their own lives/human potential/actualization
MODERN

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16
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

How people think about and understand thw world around them

Memory/Intelligence/Thought process/Problem solving

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17
Q

Sociocultural Psychology

A

Actions or thoughts affect by other people (#Mrs.Bennet)
Focus on social norms(#olivemonolpgue)
cross cultural research- contrasting and comparing behaviors from two cultures

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18
Q

Biopsychological

A

MODERN
PHYSCIAL and biological factors (facotrs) that affect behaviors and mental processes
ex. schiz

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19
Q

True or False: behavioralism and structuralism are still used

A

false

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20
Q

Ethical Principles

A 
minimum deception 
health and safety 
debrief 
minimize stress 
IRB approval 
informed consent 
withdraw at any time 
confidentiality
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21
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Zimbardo
Guards abused prisoners
example of an ethics dilemma in psych

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22
Q

Little Albert

A

1917
ethical dilemma in psychology
Conditioned to be fearful of furry things, but never counter conditioned

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23
Q

Tuskegee

A

half of black men had syphilis, half didn’t
didn’t treat them with penicillin because they wanted to see what would happen
many horrible things happened to them
Clinton apologized to the survivors `

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24
Q

Gambler’s fallacy

A

think that something is “due” to come up just because it hasn’t in a while

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25
Regression to the mean
things will always regress to the mean
26
True or False: You will have more accuracy with a greater number of trials
True
27
Normal Curve
mean = median = mode it is a SUPER famous graph (think Jennifer Lawrence level) hypothetical frequency curve that represents a typical population, so it can be used to compare individuals to a population 1 standard deviation-- 34.1% next percentage gap = 13.6% last gap is 2.15% 68% within one standard deviation of the mean
28
Standard deviation
best measure of variability
29
What is the mean of the IQ test/what is the range of when standard deviation below to above?
100 | 85-115
30
What is the SAT mean
500
31
Milgram
``` 1958 Obedience to authority put psychological stress weren't informed that they could withdraw Shocking experiment ```
32
Positive correlation
r is from 0 to 1 | strong positive correlation- r is greater than .8
33
Negative Correlation
r is = -1 to 0 | strong negative correlation r is less than -.8
34
Zero correlation/No correlation
r = 0
35
Dr. Goldberger
Everyone thought Pellagra was related to outdoor plumbing so he ate dough balls of feces, urine, and scaly skin in prison, half got pellagra victim diet, half got prison diet proved that pellagra was a vitamin deficiency MAIN TAKEAWAY? correlation does not equal causation
36
Cross-sectional study
comparing different people of different ages PROS: faster and cheaper CONS: less accurate
37
Longitudinal Research
``` study same subjects as they age PROS: very consistent data CONS: takes a really long time they might drop out/die ```
38
Surveys
``` Collecting behavior about the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of people by asking them PROS: cheap and easy provides broad characteristics of groups CONS: talk vs. action demand characteristic social desirability framing ```
39
Case Study
``` PROS: observe rare/unethical events CONS: no controls labor intensive ```
40
Genie
abused as a child | case study
41
Kitty Genovese
attacked, crawled upstairs attacker came back bystander effect/diffusion of responsibility case study
42
Amadou Diallo
black man shot 49 times went to put wallet over his head to prove his identity case study
43
Jonestown
900 people committed suicide/were killed because of Jim Jones, the leader of the community studies the effects of cults cast study
44
Naturalistic Observation
``` observing without manipulation PROS: not intrusive CONS: someone might figure out and change behavior ``` most important thing to remember: DO NOT WANT TO BE REALIZED
45
Experimenter/Expectancy Bias
``` the scientist's expectations wreck their objectivity #cleverhans ```
46
Sampling Bias/Selection Bias
not everyone has the same chance of being selected | so if you were strolling by a pacifist meeting center and surveying people on the street on their opinions about war
47
Demand Characteristics
a form of participant bias subject tries to do or say what they think the researcher wants ex. psych projects on pronouns
48
Social Desirability
subject conforms the answer to social norms a form of participant bias ex. yaaa, I recycle (but really just my neighbors are environmentalists and I have never been near a recycling bin in my life. In fact, sometimes my trash just gets thrown in the woods)
49
Placebo Effect
MIND OVER BODY | imagination- spongebob
50
Controlled experiment
Scientists compare two groups that are the same except for one variable PROS: SHOWS CAUSE AND EFFECT
51
Double blind
``` Subjects don't know researchers don't know #cleverHans ```
52
Single Blind
Subjects don't know
53
Serial Position Effect
the order by which things are listed affects results because people tend to remember the first and last things to avoid, one must counterbalance
54
Counterbalance
change up combinations
55
Operational Definition
A concrete way to measure DV/measures dependent variable | ex. attraction--- ranking on a LIkert scale
56
Confounding variable
one group gets something the other didn't interferes with results in a bad way unplanned ex. when Olivia went to take her psych summer quiz, people came and talked to Ms. Murphy during this time for extra help (they talked about confounding variables) ex. Someone runs by Period 1's exam screaming "The answers are c c c c c c c 39240 49302490 54895u3849589" but not during the period 6 exam
57
Extraneous variable
has the potential to affect both groups BOTH TWOOOOOOO
58
Clever Hans
``` pretty much the only thing on the exam was a horse who "knew math" Pfungst realized he was not so clever Turns out Von Osten, the owner of clever Hans, was unconsciously giving away the answer because of his neck vein action DOUBLE BLIND ```
59
Correlation
speculation that may indicate a relationship exists MAJOR PROBLEM: YOU CAN NOT CLAIM CAUSE AND EFFECT CORRELATION DOES NOT = CAUSATION
60
Nature vs. Nurture/ Epigenetic
How you were raised vs. genetics | common issue in psych
61
Observable behavior vs. mental processes
what it sounds like one can be viewed by anyone vs only the subject knows common issue in psych
62
Individual differences vs. free will
"How much of our behavior is a consequence of our unique and special qualities, and how much reflects the culture and society in which we live? How much of our behavior is universally human?" some psych webstire essentially, like how much are we all snowflakes-- what parts of us are just universal/refelction of our culture common issue in psych
63
Free will vs. Determinism
determinism=predestined fate | common issue in psych
64
Conscious vs. Unconscious
common issue in psych
65
Theory
broad/general explanation of an event or action that can be proved or disproved
66
Hypothesis
a specific testable prediction of cause and effect
67
Research
Test of the hypothesis that yields data which.... a. supports: refine with new hypothesis and research b. refutes/fails to support: discard or revise, then test again
68
Sample
MUST BE GENERALIZABLE must be representative random selection vs. group matching
69
polygons
line graphs
70
Positive Skew
P on its side tail pulled in positive direction positive outliers
71
Negative Skew
Tail pulled in negative directions | negative outliers
72
random sampling
arbitrary selection of subjects | ex. picking names out of a hat
73
group matching
demo on basketball teams matching characteristic on population balance out groups
74
nominal scales
numbers are names | tee shirts with numbers
75
Ordinal scales
top 25 colleges | rankings
76
Interval scales
Likert scale 1 to 7 worst to best
77
Ratio scale
starts with absolute 0
78
Statistical significance
p is less than .05 is the minimum standard for statistical significance
79
Inferential Statistics
results must be meaningful to draw conlusions must be 95%+ due to manipulation wasn't an accident
80
p
the % chance that the results differ by an accident

AP Psych (9 decks)

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