Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Psych > Intelligence and Personality > Flashcards

Intelligence and Personality Flashcards

(152 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Freud

A 
Viennese Jew
went to med school bubt wanted to research but antisemitism 
specialty= nervous disorders 
wrote interpretation of dreams and another book
pessimist 
childhood determines life 
Vienna- sexuallt repressed made sex ok 
worked with wealthy women
wife chaperoned
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the unconscious

A

the main causes of behavior are buried in the unconscious mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

id

A

instinctual drives
little child that wants everything candy store
pleasure principle- what makes me feel good
illogical
immediate gratification
often don’t know deep tendencies of the id

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a disorder to Freud?

A

an imbalance between the id, ego, and supergo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ego

A

conscious rational plans things
mediates
reality principle- what is socially accceptable
makes sense of world/finds meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Superego

A 
moralistic, judgemental, perfection 
parental part 
holds ego ideal- best self you can be/soce of ethics
conscience
can be aware of it, but most are not 
not as deep as id
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oral

A 
birth- year 
first stage of psychosexual development 
mouth associated w/sexual pleasure
weaning a child can lead to fixation- give up on own 
can lead to oral activities in adulthood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anal

A

1-3year
anus is associated with pleasure
toilet training can lead to fixation if not done right
can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors (huge mess)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phallic

A

3-5 years
focus of pleasure shifts to genitals
Oedipus or Electra complex
fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and need for attention and domination in females
resolved by identifying with same sex parent and internalizing beliefs
personality=done by the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Penis Envy

A

Freud
phallic stage
girls are jealous of boy’s penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Latency

A

sexual energy submerged (do not submerge a cermet)

lasts from child to teen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Genital stage

A

adult sexualitty

sexy feelings reemerge and are directed towards others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Freud (who else?_
the ego protects itself from the big scary world out their through unconscious (of course) means
help through the tought times
can be maladaptive if used in excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Denial

A

rejecting the truth of a painful reality, as in a person’s refusal to accept a frightening medical diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Displacement

A 
taking out an emotion  on a safe or more accessible target than the actual source of the emotion, punching the wall rather than confronting your boss
#CHAINOFSCREAMING
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Projection

A

Atrributing something that we don’t like about ourselves to someone else, like if I accuse someone else of being too passive becuase I am unconciously afraid of my own tendencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rationalixation

A

excuse making
have to cheat because everyone else will
it is totally ok to eat 45 cookies, after all, I did totally rock some new shoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reaction Formation

A

think opposite
protect ourselves from undesirable emotions by behaving in ways opposite of how we feel,
shower those we hate with affection
#Sansastark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Regression

A

figuratively going back in time to a safer, simpler wat of being
assume childlike behaviors in times of stress
barbie marathon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Repression

A

unconscious fotgetting
something painful buried so eep that we no longer know it is there, as can occur with physical or sexual abuse in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sublimination

A

associate with substitution
an undesirable emotion or drive is replaced with a socially acceptable one
ex. surgeons are sublimating aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Suppression

A 
conscious forgetting 
push something out of your mind 
"Oh college apps are due soon" 
yup I am trying not to think about that 
different from a true mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

evaluation of Freud

A

homogeneous,small sample
andrcentric
never worked with children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Freudian Slip

A

tell others things that don’t consciously wish to tell them but which some out anyway
seduced vs. introduced
Love harvey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Neo Freudians
Split with Freud kept the psychodynamic aspects (personalityis a process driven by motivaitonal energy) but looked at diff types of motivation (not just sex), and focused more on conscious thought, social variables, and the span of someone's whole life
26
Jung
was Freud's protege until they split (Jung thought differently about unconscious (personal unconscious and collective unconscious) and thought he focused a smidge too much on sex
27
Personal Unconscious
Jung basically the id
28
Collective Unconscious
Jung | like basically a reserve of memories shared by all humans, gives us archetypes
29
Principle of opposites
``` personality is a balance between opposites, most people prefer one #introvert vs extrovert and myers briggs ```
30
Horney
``` Oedipus, penis envy are sexist sex differences are due to society personality is more than just childhood basic anxiety neurotic needs ```
31
basic anxiety
isolation and uncertainty leads to issues
32
Neurotic needs
normal desires taken to extremes can move towards, against, or away from others
33
Alfred Adler
birth order and inferiority complex
34
Inferioirty complex
unconscious feeling of inferioirty, can have super simple causes, like being told you are bad at things, breeds compensation
35
Personality
enduring patten of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that makes each of us unique
36
nature vs nurture
major psych debate
37
temperament
a child's mood, emotionality, and preferred activity level | classified in terms of reactivity
38
high-reactive infants
apprehensive, react intensely and fearfully to new situations
39
low-reactive infants
sociable calm go wit hthe flow
40
Idiographic methods
evaluate case studies individually | Freudian
41
Nomothetic approaches
assume all people share the same traits to differing degrees norms compare people to others
42
Trait theory
focus on the characteristics that define people and endure over time and situations
43
trait
tendency towards certain behaviors or smoetions, no matter the situation
44
Gordon Allport
``` port c central things go around idiographic trait theorist ```
45
Cardinal Trait
``` #Allport #Traittheorist single deining personality trait dominant in all situations sounds like your close friends? most likely not because very few people have them ```
46
Central Trait
Allport 5-10 significant characteristics that form the core of our personality think like GoT Houses
47
Secondary Traits
often present in a person but not as defining
48
Raymond Cattel
Cat telling you about your personality statstical analysis of charactistics called factor analysis 16PF trait theory
49
16 PF
Cattell's 16 personality factors fundamental to all people scale cat telling you about personality, then scratching the board, then flying away in an airplane
50
Hans Eysenck
#PEN trait theorist hands and eyes help you write with your pen
51
PEN
Eysenck Psychoticism (apathy to empathy) Extroversion (oiutgoingness) Neuroticism (emotional stability)
52
Big Five/Five Factor Model
Openness: open to new experiences and learning Conscientiousness: the degree to which one is response, hard working, and reliable Extroveresion: outgoingness Agreeableness: donest/considerate/likable Neuroticism: anxious/self-consciousness/ impuslive emotional stability
53
Criticisms of trait theorists
1. situations though | 2. where do traits come from
54
Type and Type B
Type A: driven, competitive, rigid, hostile, and intense | Type B: calm, laid back, easy going
55
Behaviorist Theory
driven by BF SKinner and op conditioning personality is recation to situation radical behaviorists: personalitt is a result of conditioning alone
56
Social-Cognitive Theory
``` blends elemnts of cognitive perspective, behaviorist perspective, and sociocultural perspective #Bobo doll ```
57
Self-efficacy
sense that you can control outcomes in enviro
58
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura cycle/traingle loop with behavior, enviro, and thinking develop through watching others, but also choose envrios, which expose us to things, which leads us to make more choices...... act funny, people laugh, I'm funny, tell more jokes
59
Julian Rotter
Loci of Control Rotten tomatoes---> control perceptions of movies social-cognitive
60
Internal Locus of control
Julian Rotter control the consequences of behaviors steer ship what can I do better?
61
Extrernal Locus of control
``` Julian Rotter outcomes out of control can't really influence what happens life happens to them don't get a job- bad luck ```
62
George Kelly
personal construct | kelly constructs the plant box
63
Personal Construct
George Kelly individual views of right and wrong that we eeach construct personality is built from interpretations of life some like silence, some hate it melissa is moral copmass social-cognitive
64
Seligman
learned helplessness explanatory styles social-cognitive
65
Explanatory styles
how we explain success and failure
66
Optimistic Explanatory style
more likely to tell self that bad thimes won't last, don't need to affect whole life tend not to blame self Kaylee Andy
67
Pessimistic Explanatory
see bad times as stable and unlikely to change painful events impact whole lives blame self April
68
Humanistic Perspective
upbeat and optimistic person-centered inner capactiy for growth and self-fulfillment Personality a result of individual's conscious choices to shape world third force in psych
69
Criticism of humanism
unrealistically positive about human motivations ignores capactity for evil empirics though
70
Self-actualization
Maslow | fullest potential
71
Maslow
self-actualization and hierarchy of needs
72
Rogers
``` real self(who you are) vs ideal seld(who you want to be) Unconditional Positive Regard ```
73
UPR
nonjudgemental love | opp of conditions of worth---> love is more than just certain requirements
74
Individualism
individual achievement personal goals independence and leadership
75
Collectivism
group goals | garmony
76
Fritz Heider
Attribution Theory | attribution explains the causes of behavior ours and others
77
dispositional attribution
``` attribute outcome to seld internal aspect owning it fail a test ---> I could have and should have tried harder work hard, do well ```
78
Situational Attribution
attribute outcome to nonself enviro throwing it at ecternal force fail a test, well the room wasn't pink so #Sax not gonna pass
79
Fundamental Attribution Errors
make dispositional attribution for negative behavior of others while ignoring situational get cut off, he is mean (not oh maybe he really needs to get to hospital)
80
Savants
indiciduals with serious cognitive limitations such as intellectual disabilities or autism who have a remarkable talent in like art or music
81
Charles Spearman
Spearman---> spearmint---> gum --->g
82
General intelligence
``` g Spearman can be empirically assessed one factor underlies ability to perform well on many tests skill (s) supported by gen intelligence arrived at from factor analysis ```
83
Factor Analysis
statistical technique to that looks at correlations | measures extent to which there are common factors
84
Fluid and Crystalized Intelligence
Cattell | break down intelligence into two things
85
Crystallized Intelligence
``` Cattell absorb, retain, and access info acquired knowledge semantic memory increases over time ```
86
Fluid Intelligence
``` ability to process info quickly and solve problems that haven't been seen before speed and flexibility relationships between problems algorithms and heuristics spatial/visualization declines with age ```
87
Louis Thurstone
``` seven primary mental abilities factor analysis Verbal comprehension Verbal Fluency Inductive Reasoning Spatial Tasks Number Computations Memory Perceptual Speed opposition to Spearman all equally imp VVIPS NM vvips no more ```
88
Triarchic Theory
``` Sternberg a cognitive theory pratical intelligence analytical intelligence creative intelligence PAC--> what do oyu need to form a pac? have to be able to look at the issues (analytical) think of new solutions (creative) and sell it to donors (practical) all three are independent and different dimensions for evaluating and describing people ```
89
Practical Intelligence
``` cope with people and events read others street smarts not IQ horse track Sternberg Triarchic Theory ```
90
Analytical Intelligence
Sternberg Triarchic Theory logical reasoning analyze problems and find answers related to grades
91
Creative Intelligence
New ideas and relationships among concepts ex. Picasso and cubism thinking up a theory
92
Multiple Intelligence
``` Gardner seven separate mental abilities mant flowers Linguistic Logical Spatial Musical Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Interpersonal Emotional Naturalistic Spiritual Existential BILLS MINEES diff parts of brain ```
93
Linguistic Intelligence
Gardner | IQ tests vocab reading comp
94
Logical Mathemtical Intelligence
Gardner IQ analogies math logic
95
Spatial Intelligence
Gardner form mental images and spatial relations
96
Musical Intelligence
Garnder | perform compose and appreciate music
97
Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence
Controlled movement and coordination | Gardner
98
Interpersonal Intelligence
Gardner | understand emotions, intentions, and actions of others
99
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Gardner | know one seld, sense of ident, regulate life
100
Emotional Intelligence
Similar to interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence | gardner
101
Naturlastic INtelligence
classify living things hunter gatherer all about that nature gardner
102
Spiritual Intelligence
think in abstract, spiritual terms Diff cultures have diff values gardner
103
Existential Intelligence
Largest and smallest parts of universe, meaning of life, profound emotional experiences Gardner
104
Guilford's cube Theory
over 150 cognitive skills | like he had 150 different cubes, each for a skill
105
Goleman's Emotional Intelligence Theory
Emotional Inelligence | the ability to understand and regulate your emotions and to understand others emotions
106
Heritability
refers to the amount og difference within a particular group that can be attributed to genetics
107
Heritability of INtelligence
50-60% heritable | 50-60% of difference can be attributed to heredity
108
Flynn Effect
IQ scores are increasing `
109
Standardization
dev test-taking and scoring procedures that are consistent - directions, timing of test - norm the test
110
SAT
500 mean 100 SD 200-800 Range
111
Reliability
``` ALL ABOUT THE SCORING WANT CONSISTENT SCORING test-retest alternate forms split half inter rater intra rater ```
112
Test retest reliability
take same over again, scores should be similar
113
Alternate forms reliability
SAT in October vs in May (equivalent forms)
114
Split half- reliability
see if the first half is as difficult as secong half
115
Inter-rater reliability
more than one judge different people grade, should have same or similar scores AP reader
116
Intra-rater reliability
Murph grades essats takes first four and then regrades
117
Validity
how approprite the test, details, nuts and bolts that make up the test does the test measure what it claims to measure predictive face contentnt construct criterion
118
Predictive Validity
thest test predicts some other measure or outsome es SAT claims to predict 1st year college grades aggressiong test and crim behav
119
Face Validity
quick assess of test [title and first question = music, leave it at that] quick content
120
Content Validity
in depth does it test content/body of material you want it to assess ex. Napoleon test but questions on royal family lacks in content validity
121
Construct Validity
``` build NOT CONTENT was it built to match the theory it is measuring ex. levels of hyperactivity start by defining/constructing hyper needs to address hyper meausre characteristics ex. depression, just helplessness would be low in construct validity ```
122
Criterion Validity
look at other measures compare other measures WAIS, more than just one type of intelligence ex. recruit for football, not just scoring in one game, also respectful and intelligent and fast
123
MIT study
femalre avg 10 points lower on SAT math but at end of second year, same GPA
124
False positive
ex. test says they have schiz, when they really don't
125
Achievement tests
are designed to measure what one has learned | ex. Psych, APUSH
126
Aptitude test
``` designed to measure one's capacity for some future learning or task; what one is apt to do SAT meant to be IQ as well not though conduct disorder Occupational? ```
127
Projective Test
test taker projects thoughts/ feeling onto stimuli subjective tester interprets
128
Rorshach
1920s | swiss
129
Rorshach Test
10 cards 5 bw 5 color decide what is going on in the pic Inkblot score based on location- whole/parts/details determinants- how color and forms are used content- people objects sex popularity- compare to others tester interprets good test retest low prefictive validity (except for schizophrenia )
130
TAT Thematic Apperception Test
``` achievement motivation 10-20 cards, make up a story tester looks for similarities depends on tester low reliability low validity with personality good predictive with achievement motivation (moderate) same with aggression and arousal ```
131
Objective Tests
``` scoring completed wit ha rubrix leaving little/no subjectivity from the scorer T/F Likert forced choise self-report ``` MMPI II Myers briggs 16 PF NEO-PI
132
MMPI II
objective test originally designed to diagnose disorders still used in forensice psych/gen personality notmed with disordered populations 500 T/F
133
Myers Briggs
126 forced choice rate them heavily used by employers objective test
134
NEO-PI
big 5 objective test pretty good reliability
135
Barnum Effect
``` apply descriptions to ourselves that are general sucker syndrome horoscope personality demo fortune teller ```
136
Intern's Warning
can't diagnose people
137
peer pressure and group norms
different groups have different beliefs about school success innate vs hard work
138
Stereotype threat
Claude Steele people reminded of a negative stereotype about their group, hurts performance girls and math
139
Self-fulfilling
if you believe it, it comes true | ex. in honors math, kids "know" they are good at math, kids in others may not so MCAS is harder for them
140
Question Familiarity
one criticism is that on many tests the questions are more familiar to middle class/upper middle class than others
141
Motivation as explanation for group difference
remember Maslow's hierarchy? kids who are worried about survival won't care as much about schools some schools have anti-intellectual so doing well is bad
142
Intelligence Quotient
revision of Binet's idea of mental age IQ= mental age/chronological age * 100 works for adults but not kids no longer used
143
Standardized IQ
``` intelligence test scores plotted on a normal curve mean=median=mode mean = 100 std dev = 15 1/2 85-115 4% exceptional ```
144
WAIS/WISC
``` most common IQ tests verbal comprehension perceptual reasoning working memory processing speed index two broad scores FSIQ and GAI ```
145
Raven's Progressive Matrices
similar to the performance scale tasks on the WAIS | some believe it is the best measure of fluid intelligence
146
Intellectual Disability
limited cognitive and adaptive functioning adaptive functioning- ability to care for seld and meet general social expectations tend to have trouble with executive functions (planning strategies, doing multi-step problems, metacognitive skills) can be result of multiple causes originally just IQ not IQ and adaptive prefers using classifications based on the support they need 1. intermittent (as needed) limited may be a limited time extensive- long terms involvement (help with everyday) 4. pervasive = intense, long-term care
147
Giftedeness
top 1% of pop IQ>135 IQ>145 other ratings use more than IQ above avg IQ but extremely high levels of motivaiton or creativity tend to come up with more ideas, better divergent thinking isolated may just be one domain
148
group tests
given to many people at once
149
individual tests
given in a one-on-one setting
150
speed tests
timed gnerally more items than the typical person can finish in th etime relies on fluid intelligence
151
Power tests
become more difficult as they go on | designed to measure upper limit of ability
152
norms
give to a representative sample of indivduals similar to those it is designed for to get a standard

AP Psych (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions