Abnormalities of the erythron

Question 1

What shape RBCs do camelids have?

Answer 1

elliptical

Question 2

What is different about bird and reptile RBCs?

Answer 2

elliptical and nucleated

Question 3

What are the production sites of RBCs in the different stages of life?

Answer 3

fetus - liver and spleen
neonate and growing animal - marrow of all bones
adult - red marrow of long bones, flat bones

Question 4

What is meant by extramedulary haematopoiesis?

Answer 4

Liver and spleen making RBCs in adult

Yellow marrow can revert to red if needed

Question 5

What are the 6 things needed to make RBCs?

Answer 5

Space in the marrow 
Stem cells
Growth factors: IL3, GM CSF, G CSF, EPO
cholesterol/lipids for membrane
Enzyme pathways

Question 6

What are the 6 stages of maturation of RBCs?

Answer 6

rubriblast 
prorubricyte
basophilic rubricyte
polychromatophilic rubricyte
metarubricyte
reticulocyte

Question 7

What is the average life span of an RBC in dogs cats and horses?

Answer 7

dog - 100 days
cat - 70 days
horse -150 days

Question 8

What are the 2 routes of removal of RBCs?

Answer 8

macrophage phagocytosis

iv haemolysis

Question 9

What 4 parameters will be decreased in anaemia?

Answer 9

[HgB]
PCV
Haematocrit
[RBC]

Question 10

Up to 10% below normal PCV is classified as _____

Answer 10

mild

Question 11

Anaemia in the teens is ____

Answer 11

severe

Question 12

Iron deficiency gives what kind of anaemia?

Answer 12

microytic hypochromic

Question 13

What are 2 other causes of microcytic anaemia?

Answer 13

PSS

hepatic disease

Question 14

It is normal for Akitas to have ___ RBCs

Answer 14

microcytic

Question 15

What breed sometimes normally has macrocytic RBCs?

Answer 15

poodles

Question 16

Macrocytosis is seen in cats with _____

Answer 16

FeLV (myelodysplasia)

Question 17

Macyrocytosis is a common artefact due to ____

Answer 17

storage

Question 18

What stain shows reticulocytes?

Answer 18

NMB

Question 19

How do you work out corrected retics?

Answer 19

retic % x patient PCV/normal PCV

Question 20

What is normal PCV for a dog and a cat?

Answer 20

45%

35%

Question 21

How do you work out absolute retic conc?

Answer 21

[RBC] x retic %

Question 22

What is the test for melaena?

Answer 22

faecal occult blood

no red meat for 5d before

Question 23

With haemolysis RBCs are more likely to be lysed with what kind of antibody?

Answer 23

IgM

Question 24

What is coomb’s test

Answer 24

anti-RBC antibody

tests for IMHA

Question 25

What is the difference between agglutination and rouleaux?

Answer 25

agg - path | rouleaux - artefact (high protein)

Question 26

How do you do in saline aglutination test?

Answer 26

1 drop EDTA blood, 1 drop saline, on slide, mix, flecking = agglutination

Question 27

What are ghost cells and what do they indicate?

Answer 27

hgb gone, just membrane | IV haemolysis

Question 28

What are spherocytes and what do they indicate?

Answer 28

Bit of membrane pinched off | EV haemolysis

Question 29

What other findings might you get on biochem with IMHA?

Answer 29

increased billirubin | neutrophilia, monocytosis (BM upregulation)

Question 30

WHat is evans syndrome?

Answer 30

IMHA and IMTP

Question 31

what is being described? | blood borne epicellular parasite, large and small forms, cyclical (3-8w), increases fragility & haemolysis

Answer 31

mycoplasma haemophilus & haemominutum

Question 32

What is the best test for mycoplasma?

Answer 32

PCR

Question 33

What is being described? | Tick borne disease, pyriform bodies in RBCs, haemolytic

Answer 33

Babesia

Question 34

What is the treatment for babesia?

Answer 34

Imidocarb

Question 35

What is being described? | Prominent splenic RBC removal, US mainly, intracellular parasite

Answer 35

cytoxzuan felis

Question 36

WHat are heinz bodies and what do they indicate?

Answer 36

Denatured haemoglobin | indicate oxidative damage e.g. onions, paracetamol, vit K, propylene glycol

Question 37

Low number of heinz bodies are insignificant in ____

Answer 37

cats

Question 38

What are eccentrocytes and what do they indicate?

Answer 38

uneven distribution of haemoglobin due to oxidative damage to the membrane e.g. red maple tox in horses

Question 39

2 examples of shear injury products

Answer 39

Keratocytes | Schistocytes

Question 40

What are the 2 main causes of shear injury products?

Answer 40

microangiopathic damage | inflammatory ordan beds where there is fibrin stranding

Question 41

What cell type is usually associated with haemangiosarcoma/splenic disease?

Answer 41

acanthocytes

Question 42

what is this cell type? | surface projections of variable length unevenly spaces

Answer 42

acanthocyte

Question 43

Scistocytes are associated with ___ deposition in vessels

Answer 43

fibrin | eg DIC

Question 44

Besenjis and beagles are predisposed to _____

Answer 44

PK deficiency

Question 45

Why do PK deficiency dogs die?

Answer 45

myelofibrosis after prolonged regeneration

Question 46

PFK deficiency dogs are sensitive to ____ pH

Answer 46

alkaline

Question 47

What is the reason behind anaemia of chronic disease?

Answer 47

Fe sequestration Inflammatory mediators decreased RBC lifespan

Question 48

Which 2 endocrine conditions commonly cause non reg anaemia?

Answer 48

HypoT | Hypoadrenocort

Question 49

Up to 70% of anaemic cats have ___

Answer 49

FeLV

Question 50

Myelodysplasia id associated with FeLV subgroup ___

Answer 50

C

Question 51

In aplastic anaemia all precursors are wiped out and ___, ___ and ____ are seen on biopsy

Answer 51

fat plasma cells mast cells

Question 52

Aplastic anaemia can be due to.. (4 causes)

Answer 52

FeLV hyperestrogenemia bute chemo

Question 53

myelodysplasia may progress to ___

Answer 53

leukemia

Question 54

Erythrocytosis may be due to...

Answer 54

dehydration rediscribution (splenic contraction) myeloproliferative disorder of erythroid stem cells Secondary to chronic hypoxia, EPO secreting tumours

Question 55

in primary polycythemia EPO levels are ___ and PO2 levels are ___

Answer 55

normal or decreased | normal

Question 56

What is the name for cancer outcrowding bone marrow?

Answer 56

myelopthisis