Biochemistry

Question 1

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

Answer 1

Plasma contains clotting factors e.g. fibrinogen. Serum doesn’t

Question 2

Should you use Serum or Plasma for biochem?

Answer 2

Serum - clotting factors can interfere

Question 3

What should you use for biochem in birds and reptiles?

Answer 3

Heparinised plasma - small samples.

Question 4

How do you collect serum?

Answer 4

brown or red top tube, allow to clot, take supernatent, put in serum tube, spin, store in fridge

Question 5

How do you collect plasma?

Answer 5

EDTA, citrate or heparin tube, centrifuge.

Question 6

What are the 2 ways you can measure TP?

Answer 6

refractometer, calorimetric

Question 7

Will TP by higher on a serum sample or plasma? Why?

Answer 7

Plasma, contains fibrinogen

Question 8

What 3 things falsely increase TP?

Answer 8

Icterus, severe haemolysis, lipaemia,

Question 9

3 reasons for increased TP

Answer 9

dehydration, inflammation, neoplasia

Question 10

3 reasons for decreased TP

Answer 10

dilution, loss (PLN, PLE, haemorrhage), decreased production

Question 11

What is the method used to measure albumin

Answer 11

dye binding method

Question 12

How should you measure albumin in birds?

Answer 12

electrophoresis

Question 13

Why might albumin be increased?

Answer 13

dehydration

Question 14

Why might albumin be decreased?

Answer 14

Loss (renal, GI, haemorrhage), decreased production (liver), third spacing (effusions)

Question 15

Why might you get a) polyclonal globulin increase b) monoclonal globulin increase?

Answer 15

a) inflammation

b) neoplasia e.g. plasma cell tumour

Question 16

What 2 parameters might tell us about the pancreas?

Answer 16

Amylase, Lipase

Question 17

In what species would you expect elevations in amylase and lipase with pancreatitis?

Answer 17

dogs, not cats.

Question 18

What causes increased pancreatic enzyme increases other than pancreatitis?

Answer 18

renal insufficiency

Question 19

If there is azomtaemia and the kidneys are concentrating appropriately what should the USG be in a) cat b) dog c) horse

Answer 19

a) 1.035
b) 1.030
c) 1.025

Question 20

Is urea useful in ruminants?

Answer 20

No look at creatinine

Question 21

What is the main ion in the ECF?

Answer 21

Sodium

Question 22

Sodium levels are regulated by the _____

Answer 22

kidney

Question 23

3 causes of increased sodium

Answer 23

increased intake, increased water loss, decreased water intake

Question 24

Decreased sodium may be due to..

Answer 24

decreased intake, increased loss (e.g. kidneys)

Question 25

What is the main ion in the intracellular space?

Answer 25

Potassium

Question 26

potassium levels are influenced by acid base status true or false?

Answer 26

true, can swap out of cell in exchange for an H+ going into cell.

Question 27

2 conditions which are associated with increased potassium?

Answer 27

Renal failure | Hypoadrenocorticism

Question 28

Cellular damage may also lead to increased potassium as it leaks out of cells

Answer 28

:)

Question 29

Decreases in potassium are associated with..

Answer 29

loss (renal, vom, diarrhoea) or decreased intake

Question 30

Changes in chloride usually coincide with changes in ____

Answer 30

sodium

Question 31

Changes in chloride without changes in sodium are often associated with ______ , _____ or _____

Answer 31

acid-base vomiting abomasal displacement

Question 32

______ and _____ salts can interfere with chloride levels

Answer 32

iodine and bromide

Question 33

Total calcium levels are influenced by levels of ____

Answer 33

albumin

Question 34

Calcium levels are regulated by ____ and _____

Answer 34

PTH | calcitonin

Question 35

Phosphorous levels are regulated by ______ and _____

Answer 35

PTH | calcitonin

Question 36

Increases in phosphorous may be associated with _____ disease

Answer 36

renal

Question 37

increases in phosphorous are also seen in growing animals along with elevations in ____ and _____

Answer 37

calcium | ALP