AC2.1 biological theories

Question 1

what does brain abnormality suggest about crime?

Answer 1

criminal behaviour is a result of abnormality in the brain

Question 2

examples of abnormality in the brain?

Answer 2

injury to brain, irregularities of neurochemical activity

Question 3

what are of the brain regulates emotions?

Answer 3

pre-frontal cortex

Question 4

damage to what part of the brain explains aggressive and impulsive behaviour?

Answer 4

pre-frontal cortex

Question 5

who used PET scans to examine reduced activity in pre-frontal cortex?

Answer 5

Raine et al

Question 6

what brain diseases cause aggressive outbursts?

Answer 6

dementia

Question 7

what causes criminality in children?

Answer 7

sleep sickness

Question 8

who is the case study for brain abnormality?

Answer 8

charles whitman

Question 9

what did charles whitman do?

Answer 9

killed and injured people from the top of a university clock tower

Question 10

what did they find in charles whitmans pre-frontal cortex?

Answer 10

a tumour

Question 11

what is neurochemistry?

Answer 11

brain regulates activity of hormones and neurotransmitters that influence our behaviour

Question 12

what are low levels of desertion in linked to?

Answer 12

higher levels of aggression

Question 13

what can serotonin production be influenced by?

Answer 13

drug and alcohol use

Question 14

where did Scarborough and Raine find low serotonin?

Answer 14

in people with anti-social behaviour

Question 15

what hormone do males produce that is measured as higher in people that commit aggressive behaviour?

Answer 15

testosterone

Question 16

what peaks the same time as male offending?

Answer 16

testosterone

Question 17

strength of brain abnormality

Answer 17

b criminal behaviour can be studied scientifically and treatments can be used to control behaviour

Question 18

limitations of brain abnormality

Answer 18

often small samples used examining brain activity, comorbity of symptoms found in people with mental health disorders

Question 19

what does lombroso study?

Answer 19

atavistic traits

Question 20

what do physiological theories suggest?

Answer 20

physical traits of individuals are likely the cause of criminal behaviour

Question 21

who was lombroso?

Answer 21

an italian doctor

Question 22

atavistic features

Answer 22

extended jawbone, prominent brow arches, high cheek bones

Question 23

lombroso positives

Answer 23

first to study crime scientifically

Question 25

lombroso limitations

Answer 25

lack of reliability and replicability, ethnocentric, form of racial profiling

Question 26

what were the three somatotypes sheldon looked at?

Answer 26

endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph

Question 27

what do physiological theories suggest there is a correlation between?

Answer 27

physical traits and facial features

Question 28

what body type is most likely to be criminal?

Answer 28

mesomorph

Question 29

description of endomorphs

Answer 29

round body shape, lack of muscle, wide hips, high levevel of body fat, slim wrists and ankles

Question 30

personality of endomorphs

Answer 30

sociable and outgoing

Question 31

description of ectomorphs

Answer 31

thin, lacking fat and muscle, thin face, flat chested, high forehead

Question 32

personality of ectomorphs

Answer 32

self conscious, emotionally restrained

Question 33

description of mesomorph

Answer 33

muscular, strong limbs, broad shoulders

Question 34

personality of mesomorph

Answer 34

sensation seeking, risk taking, dominating, assertive

Question 35

what percent of criminals had atavistic traits

Answer 35

40

Question 36

what percentage of criminals had the mesomorph body type

Answer 36

60

Question 37

who found supporting evidence for sheldon’s work

Answer 37

gluek and gluek

Question 38

what is a causality question of somatotypes

Answer 38

does body shape determine criminality or does criminality determine body shape?

Question 39

what class are criminals more likely to be and why?

Answer 39

working class, manual labour, impact body shape.

Question 40

what do adoption studies look at?

Answer 40

biological basis of criminality by removing influence of environments

Question 41

what are identical twins called?

Answer 41

monozygotic twins

Question 42

what are non-0identical twins called?

Answer 42

dizygotic twins

Question 43

who found higher concordance levees of criminal behaviour in MZ twins?

Answer 43

Lange

Question 44

in Lange’s research, how many sets of identical twins both had criminal records compared to non identical?

Answer 44

10/13 compared to 2/17

Question 46

who found higher rtes in danish identical twins?

Answer 46

Christiansen

Question 47

strength of twin studies

Answer 47

ishikawa and Raine found higher concordance rates in MZ twins- suggests crime is genetic

Question 48

limitations of twin studies

Answer 48

hard to separate nature vs nurture. concordance rates never 100%, shows its nit just a genetic basis for criminality

Question 49

who found high rates of concordance between criminal behaviour in adopted boys and their biological parents?

Answer 49

Hutchings and Mednick

Question 50

who found low concordance rates between adopted boys and their adoptive parents?

Answer 50

Mednick

Question 51

strength of adoption studies

Answer 51

as children are removed from their biological parents, its possible to investigate influence of genetics

Question 52

limitations of adoption studies

Answer 52

children often placed which families similar to biological parents, psychological impacts of being adopted could lead to criminal behaviour