Acute inflammation II

Question 1

What is the effect of histamine and serotonin on arterioles?

Answer 1

Vasodilation

Question 2

What is the effect of histamine and serotonin on large arteries?

Answer 2

Vasoconstriction

Question 3

What is the effect of histamine and serotonin on postcapillarly venules?

Answer 3

Increased permeability

Question 4

Where are vasoactive amines stored?

Answer 4

Preformed granules of mast cells, basophils, and platelets

Question 5

What is the critical step of complement activation?

Answer 5

Cleavage of C3

Question 6

What initiates the classical complement pathway?

Answer 6

Binding of an antigen-antibody complex to C1

Question 7

What initiates the alternate complement pathway?

Answer 7

C3 directly activated by endotoxin, IgA

Question 8

What initiates the lectin complement pathway?

Answer 8

C1 activation by binding of mannose-binding lectin to carbohydrates on microbes

Question 9

C3a, C4a, and C5a stimulate release of what compound?

Answer 9

Histamine

Question 10

What are the roles of C5a?

Answer 10

1. Chemotaxis of monocytes and granulocytes 2. Increase surface expression of leukocyte CAM 3. Activate LOX pathway in neutrophils and monocytes

Question 11

What does the activation of Hageman factor (XII) do?

Answer 11

Triggers kinin system and clotting cascade

Question 12

Bradykinin is inactivated by what enzyme?

Answer 12

Plasma kininase

Question 13

What are the roles of bradykinin?

Answer 13

1. Increase vascular permeability 2. Dilate blood vessels 3. Contract non-vascular smooth muscle 4. Cause pain

Question 14

What molecules links coagulation to inflammation?

Answer 14

Thrombin

Question 15

What does thrombin bind to on platelets, endothelium, and smooth muscle cells?

Answer 15

Platelet activated receptors (PARs)

Question 16

Once bound to thrombin, what are the functions of PARs?

Answer 16

1. Mobilize P-selectin 2. Produce chemokines, PAF, NO 3. Stimulate endothelial adhesion molecule formation 4. induce COX-2 and production of PGs 5. Induce changes in endothelial shape

Question 17

What is the main role of plasmin?

Answer 17

Lysyes fibrin clots to form fibrin split products to increase vascular permeability in skin and lung

Question 18

What are the arachidonic acid metabolites of the COX pathway?

Answer 18

TXA-2, PGI-2, PGE-2, PGD-2, PGF-2

Question 19

What is the function of TXA-2?

Answer 19

Potent platelet aggregator and VASOCONSTRICTOR

Question 20

What is the function of PGI-2?

Answer 20

Inhibitor of platelet aggregation and VASODILATOR

Question 21

What are the roles of PGD-2, PGF-2, and PGE-2?

Answer 21

Vasodilation and edema formation

Question 22

What are the roles of PGE-2?

Answer 22

Sensitizes skin to painful stimuli, cytokine-induced fever, vasodilation, edema formation

Question 23

What are the roles of leukotriene B4?

Answer 23

Potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, causes aggregation and adhesion to endothelial cells, generation of ROS, and release of lysosomes

Question 24

What are the roles of leukotrienes C4, D4, E4?

Answer 24

Intense vasoconstriction and bronchospasm, and increase vascular permeability

Question 25

What is the general role of lipoxins?

Answer 25

Neutralize the function of leukotrienes

Question 26

What are the roles of lipoxin A4 and B4?

Answer 26

Inhibit neutrophil adhesion to endothelium and neutrophil chemotaxis

Question 27

What is the function of platelet activating factors (PAFs) at normal or high concentrations?

Answer 27

Vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction

Question 28

What is the function of platelet activating factors (PAFs) at LOW concentrations?

Answer 28

Vasodilation and venular permeability

Question 29

Activated macrophages produced which main cytokines?

Answer 29

IL-1 and TNFa

Question 30

What are the effects of IL-1 and TNFa on endothelial cells?

Answer 30

1. Increase leukocyte adherence 2. Stimulate PGI synthesis 3. Increase procoagulant activity 4. Increase production of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, PDGF

Question 31

What are the effects of IL-1 and TNFa on leukocytes?

Answer 31

Increased cytokine secretion of IL-1, IL-6

Question 32

C-X-C or alpha chemokines act primarily on which cell type?

Answer 32

Neutrophils

Question 33

C-C or beta chemokines act primarily on which cell type?

Answer 33

Many cells but NOT neutrophils

Question 34

C or gamma chemokines act primarily on which cell type?

Answer 34

Specific for lymphocytes

Question 35

C-X-3C chemokines act primarily on which cell type?

Answer 35

Monocytes and T cells

Question 36

What are the general roles of NO?

Answer 36

Reduce aggregation and dilate vasculature

Question 37

What are the outcomes of extracellular ROS release?

Answer 37

1. Endothelial cell damage 2. Inactivation of antiproteases 3. Injury to other cells

Question 38

In general, which compounds are involved in vasodilation during acute inflammation?

Answer 38

PG, NO

Question 39

In general, which compounds are involved in vascular permeability during acute inflammation?

Answer 39

Histamine / serotonin, C3a / C5a, bradykinin, leukotrienes (C, D, E), PAF, substance P

Question 40

In general, which compounds are involved in chemotaxis and leukocyte activation during acute inflammation?

Answer 40

C5a, LTB-4, chemokines

Question 41

In general, which compounds are involved in fever during acute inflammation?

Answer 41

IL-1, IL-6, TNFa

Question 42

In general, which compounds are involved in pain during acute inflammation?

Answer 42

PG, bradykinin

Question 43

In general, which compounds are involved in tissue damage during acute inflammation?

Answer 43

Lysosomal enzymes, oxygen metabolites, NO