ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Type of immunity that is acquired and specific
A
Adaptive immunity
2
Q
Immunization with a specific antigen by natural exposure to infection or administration of a vaccine
A
Active
3
Q
Infusion of serum or plasma containing high concentration of antibody or lymphocytes from an actively immunized individual
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Passive
4
Q
Results from the transfer of cells if the immune system usually lymphocytes from an immunized host to a nonimmune individual
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Adoptive immunity
5
Q
Includes the type of immunity that develops during convalescence from an infection
A
Naturally acquired (Active)
6
Q
Develops after placental passage of antibody from mother to fetus
A
Naturally acquired (passive)
7
Q
Immunity obtained from vaccination
A
Artificially acquired (active)
8
Q
Immunity obtained after injection of gamma globulin for the induction of an immune state
A
Artificially acquired (passive)
9
Q
Type of vaccine based on cross reactivity / weakened organism
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Attenuated vaccine
10
Q
Type of vaccine consist of intact, killed viruses or bacteria
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Inactivated vaccine
11
Q
Type of vaccine containing a portion of the bacteria of virus
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Subunit vaccine
12
Q
A subunit vaccine made using inactivated toxins produced by bacteria
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Toxoid vaccine
13
Q
A subunit vaccine produced chemically attaching a polysaccharide from the surface of bacteria to a protein molecule through conjugation
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Polysaccharide vaccine
14
Q
A subunit vaccine composed of proteins from a pathogen
A
Purified protein vaccines
15
Q
Oral polio vaccine
A
Sabin
16
Q
Injection polio vaccine
A
Salk
17
Q
Substance administered with an immunogenicity that increases the immune response to provide immunity to a particular disease
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Adjuvants
18
Q
It stimulates phagocytes, B cells, and T cells
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Adjuvants
19
Q
Types of adjuvants
A
Aluminum salts
Oil in water emulsion
Microparticles
20
Q
Most common adjuvant ; preferentially stimulate Th2 response
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Aluminum salts
21
Q
Stimulate the immune response by inducing release of chemokines and enhancing antigen uptake and migration of acute phase reactants
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Oil in water emulsion
22
Q
Capable of fusing with APCs to facilitate antigen presentation
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Microparticles
23
Q
Indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when a POPULATION IS IMMUNE either through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection
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HERD IMMUNITY
24
Q
Primary lymphoid organs
A
Bone marrow and thymus
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Central site of differentiation and maturation
Primary lymphoid organs
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Pluripotential stem hematopoietic stem cell ; resembles bursa of fabricious in birds
Bone marrow
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Secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen, lymph nodes , tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patches, adenoid, mucosal, gut, bronchi, skin
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Trapping site of pathogens, stand by areas of T cells and B cells and phagocytes
Secondary lymphoid organs
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Organs wherein production of antibodies and cytokines ; phagocytosis occurs ; antigenic dependent lymphopoiesis
Secondary lymphoid organs
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Largest lymphoid organ ; main site of antibody production
Spleen
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2 main types of spleen
Red pulp and white pulp
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Characterized as a large discriminating filter as it removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood
Spleen
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Tissue fluid; central collecting points for lymph fluid from ADJACENT tissues
LYMPH NODES
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Filtration of interstitial fluid from around cells in the tissues
Lymph node
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Consists of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells
Secondary follicles
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The Interior of a secondary follicle is known as the _____ _____ because of the B cells takes places
Germinal center
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T cell locations
Perifollicullar and paracortical of the lymph nodes
Medullary cords of the lymph nodes
Periarteriolar regions of spleen
Thoracic duct of the circulatory system
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B cell locations
Follicular and medullary (germinal centers) of the lymph nodes
Primary follicles and red pulp of spleen
Follicular region of GALT
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The largest lymphatic vessel in the body
Thoracic duct
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Collects most of the body’s lymph fluid and empties it into the left subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
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____% lymphocyte of the circulating WBCs
20-40%
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Old markers of B cells
Surface immunoglobulins (IgM, IgD)
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New markers of B cells
CD 19, 20, 21
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Old markers of T cells
CD2 (sheep rbc)
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New markers of T cells
CD 3, CD 4 (T-helper), CD 8 (T-cytotoxic)
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Old markers of NK cells
CD 2
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New marker of NK cells
CD 2, 3, 16, 56
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Is a DNA polymerase active during the process of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors gene rearrangement early in a precursor B or T cells life
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
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Arm to arm contact ; 60 to 70% of lymphocytes ; responsible for immune response and are involved in antibody regulation
T cell
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Product of T cells
Cytokines (formerly lymphokines)
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Markers of T cells
CD 2, 4, 8
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Represents the 60% of T cells subsets
T helper cells
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Represents the 30% of T cells subsets
Cytotoxic T cells
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A subpopulation of T cells ; prevents autoimmune diseases
T-regulatory cells
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Normal T helper cell to cytotoxic T cells ratio
2:1
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Ratio of T helper to cytotoxic in uncontrolled HIV
1:2
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Type of T helper cell that are producers of Interferon-gamma, TNF beta, IL-2
Type 1 T helper cell
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Type of T helper cell that protects cells against intracellular pathogens
Type 1
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Type of T helper cell that is producers of IL-4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13
Type 2
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Involved in humoral immunity ; misses and bullet arrows of immune system
B cells
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Represents the 10-20% of lymphocytes ; precursor cell in antibody production
B cells
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Product of B cells
Antibody production
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B cell markers
CD 19, 20, 21
Surface immunoglobulins IgM and IgD
Class II major histocompatibility complex molecule
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Immune Cell markers with longer life span
T cell
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B CELL SUBSETS
B1 and B2
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B cell subset that is CD5 positive
B1
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B cell subset that is CD5 negative ; most common subset
B2
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CD 4 and CD 25 are what subpopulation of TYPE 17 T cell
T-regulatory
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Represents the 5% of all CD4 T cells takes
T regulatory cell
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Plays an important role in suppressing the immune response to self antigens
T regulatory
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Inhibits proliferation of other T cell populations by secreting inhibitory cytokines
T regulatory
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Lacks CD4 and CD8 ; proliferates under the influence of IL 7 ; rearrangement of the genes that code for TCR
DOUBLE NEGATIVE THYMOCYTES
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CD 4 and CD 8 are expressed ; positive (allowed to self multiply) and negative (reacts to self antigen) selection ; clonal deletion
DOUBLE POSITIVE THYMOCYTES
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Exhibit only one type of marker
Mature T cell
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Capable of producing cytokines
Sensitized T cell
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Absence of surface immunoglobulin
Pro-B cell
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Require direct contact with bone marrow stromal cells ; C-kit interacts with a cell surface molecule called stem cell factor found on stromal cells
Pro-B cell
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Differentiation of Pro-B cells into pre-B cells occurs upon successful rearrangement of heavy chain genes on one of the numbers ______
Chromosome 14
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Synthesis of the heavy chain part of the antibody molecule occurs
Pre-B cell
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Pre-B cell accompanied by an unusual light chain molecule called a _____
Surrogate light chain (temporary)
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Distinguished by the appearance of complete _____ molecules on the cell surface
Immature B cell ; IgM
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Markers of immature B cell
CD 21, 40, Class II MHC
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Marginal zone B cells are found in
Spleen circulation
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Follicular B cell are found in
Other secondary lymphoid organs
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Some of these become memory cells (secondary immune response)
Activated B cell
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Represent the most fully differentiated lymphocyte
Plasma cell
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It’s main function is for antibody production ; with eccentric nucleus and PERINUCLEAR HALO
PLASMA CELL
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Sheep red blood cell receptor
CD2
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Part of T cell antigen-receptor complex
CD3
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CD4 is a receptor of MHC class ____ molecules (Th)
Class II
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CD8 is a receptor of MHC class ____ molecules (Tc)
Class I
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Updated gold standard for identification of blood cells
Flow cytometry
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Lab identification of lymphocytes that involves sheep rbc
Rosette assay
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Lab identification of lymphocytes that involves sheep rbc
Rosette assay
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Method that separates lymphocytes from other blood cells
Density gradient centrifugation
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a solution used to separate blood components using density gradient centrifugation
FICOLL-HYPAQUE
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Medium for plasmodium
Roswell park memorial institute (RPM)
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Used to separate the T cells from B cells
Nylon wool
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Require the separation of B and T cells
HLA phenotyping
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Increases mitotic division of lymphocytes
Mitogen
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Mitogen of T cells
Pokeweed antigen (PWA)
Phyhemagglutinin (PHA)
Concanavalene (CON-A)
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B CELLS MITOGEN
Pokeweed antigen (PWA)
LPS
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Macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells in an immunocompetent host
Immunogen
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Substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but may not be able to evoke an immune response in the first place
Antigen
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Incomplete/partial antigen ; low molecular weight substance. Has the ability to react with corresponding antibody but not able to stimulate to antibody production
Hapten
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Has the ability to stimulate antibody production
Immunogen
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Has the ability to react with its corresponding antibody
Immunogen
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Usually ______ daltons of Immunogen to be recognized
10,000
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Best Immunogen
Proteins and polysaccharides
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Less immunogenic
Carbs
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Not immunogenicity
Nucleic acids and lipids
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Antigen derived from the same individual
Autoantigen
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Antigen derived from different individual from the same species
Alloantigen or homologous
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Found in unrelated plant and animals, cross react with other antibodies
Heterophile
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Graft derived from the same species
Autograft
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Graft derived from different class but identical individual (identical twins)
Isograft/syngeneic graft
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Found on different individual but same species (brothers or sisters)
Allograft
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Graft derived From different species ; with highest immune response
Heterograft/xenograft
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Genes located on the short arm of chromosome 6 at band 21
Major histocompatibility complex
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Set of genes that controls tissue compatibility
MHC
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MHC in humans is referred to as
Human leukocyte antigen complex
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MHC class involved in antigen recognition or presentation
MHC class I
MHC Class II
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MHC class present in all nucleated cells
MHC class I
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Presents endogenous antigen to T-cytotoxic cells - CD8
MHC class I
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Genetic loci of MHC Class I
HLA-A, B, C
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Chain structure of MHC Class I
Alpha chain and beta 2 microglobulin
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MHC class highest concentration lymphocytes and myeloid cells
MHC Class I
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Low levels or undetectable on liver hepatocytes, neural cells, and sperm
MHC Class I
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MHC class present in macrophages B cells, and antigen presenting cells
MHC class II
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Restricted to immunocompetent cells of immune cells
MHC Class II
131
Present EXOGENOUS antigens to T helper lymphocytes (CD4 marker)
MHC Class II
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Genetic loci of MHC Class II
HLA- DP. DO, DR
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MHC Class II chain structure
Alpha chain and beta chain
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MHC Class that Secretes proteins that have an immune function - C4 (Chido/Rodgers blood group) ; MINOR
MHC Class III
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MHC Class that involves complement components C2, C4a, C4b, and factor B
MHC Class III
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MHC class III: HLA on RBC
Bennett-goodspeed
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MHC class that acts as The watchdogs of viral, tumor, and certain parasitic antigens that are synthesized within the cell
Class I
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MHC class that helps to mount an immune response to arterial infection or other pathogens found outside cells
Class II
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HLA genotyping principle
PCR based amplification
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HLA for Ankylosing spondylitis - high risk
HLA-B27
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GRAFT REJECTION TIME : Hyperacute
Mins to hours
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GRAFT REJECTION TIME : accelerated
Days
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GRAFT REJECTION TIME : acute
Days to months
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GRAFT REJECTION TIME : chronic
1 year or more
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GRAFT REJECTION TIME : GVHD
100 days or more
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Is the ability of an individual organism to distinguish its own tissues from those of another
Allorecognition
147
Recognizes self antigen from foreign antigens
In vitro allorecognition
