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IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY > SEROLOGY INTRO, PRECIPITATION & AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS, LABELED IMMUNOASSAY > Flashcards

SEROLOGY INTRO, PRECIPITATION & AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS, LABELED IMMUNOASSAY Flashcards

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1
Q

Complement are inactivated by

A

Heating to 56 deg C for 30 mins - physical (VDRL-SYPH)
Choline chloride - chemical (RPR)

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2
Q

When more ___ hours has elapsed since inactivation, a specimen can be rein activated by heating it to ______ for ____

A

4 hours ; 56 deg C ; 10 mins

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3
Q

Serologic test that detects unknown antigen in specimen by using known or commercial anti-sera

A

Direct

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4
Q

Short storage of serum

A

2 deg C and & 8 deg c for up to 72 hours

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5
Q

Immunologic reaction ; Combination of a antigen-antibody ; non visible reaction

A

Primary

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6
Q

Immunologic reaction ; demonstrates antigen-antibody reaction

A

Secondary

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7
Q

Immunologic reaction ; immunologically in vivo ; biological reaction is detectable

A

Tertiary

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8
Q

First note by Kraus in 1897

A

Precipitation reaction

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9
Q

Involves combining SOLUBLE ANTIGEN with SOLUBLE ANTIBODY to produce INSOLUBLE COMPLEXES that are visible

A

Precipitation reaction

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10
Q

Optimum precipitation occurs in the

A

Zone of equivalence

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11
Q

Antibody excess occurs in the ____

A

Prozone

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12
Q

Antigen excess occurs in the ____

A

Post zone

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13
Q

Measures the reduction in light intensity caused by reflection, absorption, scatter

A

Turbidimetry

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14
Q

Measures light that is scattered in particular angle ; the amount of light scattered is an INDEX of the solution concentration

A

Nephelometry

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15
Q

No electrical current ; rate of diffusion is affected by the size of the particles, temperature, the gel viscosity, and the amount of hydration ; longer turn around time

A

Passive immunodiffusion

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16
Q

Single diffusion, single dimension
Single diffusion, double dimension
Double diffusion, double dimension

These are all examples of?

A

Passive immunodiffusion

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17
Q

Aka Oudin test ; end product precipitin line ; semi quantitative

A

Single diffusion, single dimension

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18
Q

Aka radial immunodiffusion ; precipitin ring end product ; quantitative: diameter is directly proportional to concentration ; ab is uniformly distributed in the support gel and antigen is applied to a well cut into the gel

A

Single diffusion, double dimension

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19
Q

Aka kinetic diffusion ; 19 hours ; diameter is proportional to log of the concentration

A

Father and Mckelvey method

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20
Q

Aka endpoint diffusion ; square of diameter is proportional to the concentration

A

Mancini method

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21
Q

Both antigen and antibody diffuse independently through a semisolid medium in two dimension, horizontally and vertically

A

Double diffusion, double dimension

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22
Q

In Double diffusion, double dimension, antibody hat is ____ is placed in the central well and different antigens are placed in the surrounding wells to determine if the antigens share identical epitopes

A

Multiseptic

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23
Q

Double diffusion, double dimension pattern : serological identity or the presence of a common epitope

A

Pattern 1 - arc pattern

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24
Q

Double diffusion, double dimension pattern : compared antigens share no common epitopes

A

Pattern 2 - crossed lines

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25
Double diffusion, double dimension pattern : partial identity
Pattern 3 - spur formation
26
A technique that separates molecules using electrical current
Electrophoresis
27
A _____ is forced through gel, causing antigen, antibody, or both to migrate
Direct current
28
As diffusion takes place in electrophoresis, distinct _______ are formed
Precipitin bands
29
Radial immunodiffusion + electrophoresis
Rocket electrophoresis
30
In rocket electrophoresis, the total distance of antigen migration and precipitation is directly proportional to ______
Laurell technique
31
Double diffusion + electrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis
32
In immunoelectrophoresis, a _______ is then cut in the gel parallel to the line of separation ; useful procedures for the identification of _______
Trough ; monoclonal proteins
33
Immunoprecipitation + electrophoresis
Immunofixation electrophoresis
34
In immunofixation electrophoresis, _____ is applied directly to the gel’s surface rather than placed in a trough
Antiserum
35
Immunofixation electrophoresis is used to identify and characterize ______
Serum or urine proteins
36
Bands exhibited by hypogammaglobulinemia
Faintly staining bands
37
Bands exhibited by polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemias
Darkly staining bands in the gamma region
38
Bands exhibited by monoclonal antibody
Dark and narrow bands in specific lane
39
First demonstrated by Gruber and Durham in 1896
Agglutination reactions
40
A process by which PARTICULATE ANTIGENS such as cells aggregate to form larger complexes when a specific antibody is present
Agglutination reactions
41
Antibodies that cause agglutination
Agglutinins
42
Initial antigen-antibody formation
Sensitization
43
Clumping after centrifugation
Lattice formation
44
Antigens are found naturally on the surface of the particles
Direct agglutination
45
Blood typing Kauffman and white serotyping Widely test Weil Felix test Cold agglutinin test These are all examples of tests with what type of agglutination reaction??
Direct agglutination
46
Antigen is artificially attached to a particulate carrier (e.g.cells, latex, bentonite, colloid in, charcoal)
Passive agglutination
47
Agglutination reactions that detects antibodies to virus such as rotavirus, cytomegalovius, rubella, Varicella-zoster, HBV, HIV, HCV
PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION
48
In reverse passive agglutination, these are attached to particulate carries
Antibodies
49
In reverse passive agglutination, _______ of antibody are facing outward
Active sites
50
Reverse passive agglutination is used to detect ______
Microbial antigens
51
Uses antibodies bound to a particle to enhance the visibility of agglutination
Co-agglutination
52
Carrier in co-agglutination
Bacterium
53
Staphylococcus aureus with Protein A
Co-agglutination
54
Based on competition between particulate and soluble antigens for limited antibody combining sites
Agglutination-inhibition
55
An indication of a positive agglutination-inhibition reaction
Lack of agglutination
56
Involves haptens attached to carrier particles
Agglutination-inhibition
57
Specific type of precipitation that occurs over a narrow range of antigen concentration ; antigen consists of very fine particles that clump together in a positiver reaction
Flocculation
58
An example of test that uses flocculation
Non-treponemal tests (RPR & VDRL)
59
Antigenic activity is stopped by its specific antibody ; highly insensitive because they only rely on a high enough concentration of the unknown
Neutralization
60
Precipitation and agglutination are considered ______ because a marker label is not needed to detect the reaction
Unlabeled immunoassay
61
Designed for antigens and antibodies that may be small in size or present in very low concentrations
Labeled immunoassay
62
Used to detect whether or not specific binding has taken place
Labeled reactant
63
All reactants are mixed SIMULTANEOUSLY ; labelled antigen competes with unlabeled patient antigen for a limited number of antibody binding sites
Competetitve
64
labelled antigen competes with unlabeled patient antigen for a limited number of
antibody binding sites
65
CAPTURE ANTIBODY is first passively absorbed to as solid phase such as micro titer plates, nitrocellulose membrane or plastic beads ; excess antibody is present so that any patient antigen present can be captured
Noncompetitive
66
The amount of bound label is ________ proportional to the concentration of the labeled antigen
Inversely
67
NONCOMPETITIVE LABELED IMMUNOASSAY _______ is the allowed to react with and be captured by the solid-phase antibody ; the amount of label measures is _____ proportional to the amount of patient antigen
Unknown patient antigen ; directly proportional
68
LABELED IMMUNOASAY Require a step to physically separate free from bound analyte
Heterogenous
69
HETEROGENOUS LABELED IMMUNOASSAY _______ is attached by physical adsorption; when specific binding takes place, complexes remain attached to the solid phase ; the sample is then ______ and the remaining activity is determined
Antigen/antibody ; thoroughly washed
70
LABELED IMMUNOASSAY Do not need a SEPARATION STEP ; activity of the label attached to the antigen is diminished when binding of a antibody and antigen occurs ; Simpler to perform because there is NO WASHING STEP
Homogenous
71
Pioneered by Yalow and Berson in the late 1950s
Radioimmunoassay
72
_____ have nuclei that decay spontaneously, emitting matter and energy ; uses ________ as label
Radioactive elements ; radioactive substances
73
Gamma counter
Iodine-131 ; Iodine-125
74
Beta counter
Hydrogen-3 ; carbon-14
75
Most common radioactive label
Gamma counter - Iodine-125
76
Radioactivity is measured by a ________
Scintillation counter
77
Radioactive in the solid phase is ______ proportional to analyte concentration
Inversely
78
Antigen (sample) + antibody (reagent) + radioactive antigen ; most sensitive for drug assay, hormone
Competitive RIA
79
____ Antigen (Sample) + radioactive antibody ; Amount of radioactivity is ____ proportional to the concentration of analyte
Non-competitive RIA ; directly proportional
80
IRMA (immunoradiometric assay) is an example of what type of RIA
NON COMPETITIVE RIA
81
In 1941, he demonstrated that antibodies could be labelled with molecules that fluoresce (fluorescent immunoassay)
Albert Coons
82
Most common fluorescent immunoassay
Fluorescein isothiocyanate
83
ANTIBODY that is conjugated with a fluorescent tag is added directly to unknown ANTIGEN that is fixed to a microscope slide
Direct immunofluorescent
84
Patient is incubated with a KNOWN ANTIGEN attached to a solid phase such; washed and an ANTI-HUMAN containing a fluorescent tag is added
Indirect immunofluorescence
85
FTA-ABS and FANA are examples of what type of immunofluorescent
Indirect immunofluorescent
86
Based on the change in polarization of fluorescent light emitted from a labeled molecule when it is bound by antibody ; the degree of fluorescence polarization is ____ proportional to concentaration of the analyte
Fluorescence polarization immunoassay ; inversely proportional
87
______ is used to measure the amount of polarized light
Polarization analyzer
88
Disadvantage of fluorescence polarization immunoasay
Quenching = low fluorescence
89
Enzyme immunoassay React with suitable substrates to produce breakdown products:
Chromogenic, fluorogenic, or luminscent
90
Enzyme-labeled antigen competes with unlabeled patient antigen for a limited number of binding sites on antibody molecules that are attached to a solid phase
Competitive EIA
91
Enzyme activity is _______ proportional to the concentration of the analyte
Inversely
92
Indirect immunoassay ; the amount of color, fluorescence, or luminescence detected ______ proportional to the amount of antibody in the specimen
Non competitive EIA ; directly
93
Microtiter plates Nitrocellulose membranes Magnetic Latex plastic beads These are used as a ____ in non competitive EIA
Solid-phase support
94
Non competitive EIA is used to measure ______ to infectious agents that are difficult to isolate in the lab and autoantibody testing
Antibody production
95
Rapid, simple to perform, adapt easily to automation (e.g. enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique — EMIT) ; for determination of hormones, therapeutic drugs, and drugs of abuse
Homogenous assay
96
Emission of light caused by a chemical reaction
Chemiluminescent immunoassay
97
Chemiluminescent immunoassay is measure in
Luminometer

IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (7 decks)

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