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IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY > INTRO & NATURAL IMMUNITY > Flashcards

INTRO & NATURAL IMMUNITY Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

In 1500, Chinese developed a practice of inhaling powdered made from smallpox scabs

A

Variolation

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2
Q

In 1706, He developed a vaccine against smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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3
Q

A phenomenon that occurs when an antibody reacts with antigen

A

Cross reactivity

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4
Q

Eradicated infectious organism :

A

smallpox and rinderpest

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5
Q

He developed the first attenuated vaccine

A

Louis Pasteur

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6
Q

Involves the use of bacteria or viruses that have been weakened through exposure to modifying conditions such as as chemical treatment, elevated or cold temperature or repeated in vitro passage in cell structure

A

Attenuated

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7
Q

Example of attenuated vaccines

A

Chicken cholera vaccine (pasteurella multocida) ; rabies vaccine

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8
Q

Discovered phagocytosis in 1800

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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9
Q

Demonstrated diphtheria and tetanus toxins could be neutralized by the noncellular portion of the blood of animals previously exposed to the microorganisms

A

Emil Von Behring

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10
Q

Linked the two theories by showing that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements ; he observed that certain humoral or circulating factors called ____ acted to coat bacteria so that they become more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells

A

Almroth Wright ; opsonins

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11
Q

In 1917, He immunized rabbits with HAPTENS attached to a carrier molecule and then tested the serum to measure how the antibodies produced reacted with different HAPTENS ; he discovered that antibodies not only recognize chemical features such as polarity, hydrophobicity, and ionic charge but the overall three-dimensional configuration is also important

A

Karl Landsteiner

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12
Q

Innate and nonspecific immunity

A

Natural immunity

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13
Q

Ability of the individual to resist infection by means of NORMALLY body function

A

Natural immunity

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14
Q

Acquired specific immunity ; ability to REMEMBER a prior exposure ; results in an INCREASE response upon repeated exposure

A

Adaptive immunity

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15
Q

Smallest WBC that act in adaptive immunity

A

LYMPHOCYTES

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16
Q

Part of external defense system designed to keep microorganisms from entering the body

A

Anatomical barriers

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17
Q

Biochemical external defense system

A

Lactic acid in sweat
lysozymes
Acidity of GIT in vagina

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18
Q

1 enemies of pathogen in terms of nutrients ; found in external defense system

A

Normal flora

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19
Q

Recognize specific molecular components of pathogens

A

Internal defense system

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20
Q

Kill extracellular organisms

A

Phagocytes

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21
Q

Large granular lymphocyte that kill intracellular organisms

A

NK cells

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22
Q

Cells in the internal defense system that lack memory and recall

A

Phagocytes and NK cells

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23
Q

These are soluble factors of internal defense system

A

Humoral

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24
Q

Humoral components

A

Acute phase reactants
Interferons (A&B)
Defensins
Complement proteins

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25
1st line of defense (natural)
Skin, mucous membrane, lysozyme
26
2nd line of defense (natural)
Phagocytes, NK cells, complement proteins, APR
27
3RD LINE OF DEFENSE ; ADAPTIVE
ANTIBODY , LYMPHOCYTES
28
These are plasma proteins that increase rapidly by at least ____% due to infection, trauma, or injury
Acute phase reactants ; 25%
29
APRs are primarily produced by the _____
Hepatocytes (liver)
30
The only protein that is not synthesized by the liver but the plasma cells
Antibody
31
Marker for acute inflammation and cardiovascular disease ; non specific antibody
CRP
32
CPR is discovered by ___ and ____ in 1930
Tillet and Francis
33
CRP is originally thought to be an ___ to the C-polysaccharide of ____
Antibody ; pneumococci
34
CRP structure consists of ____ identical subunits held together by noncovalent bonds
5 identidical subunits
35
Main substrate of CRP
Phosphocholine
36
Risk Cardiovascular disease ; CRP concentration : <1mg/dL
Low
37
Risk Cardiovascular disease ; CRP concentration : 1-3 mg/dL
Average
38
Risk Cardiovascular disease ; CRP concentration : >3mg/dL
High
39
Has high affinity for HDL cholesterol
Serum amyloid A
40
Response time of CRP
4-6 hours
41
CRP increases how many folds
1000x
42
Opsonization and complement activation are functions of what protein
CRP
43
Protease inhibitor are functions of what protein
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
44
Opsonization and lysis are functions of what protein
Complement C3
45
Most abundant WBC in cellular defense mechanism
Neutrophils
46
Neutrophil is ___ to ___ % of the total peripheral WBC
50-70%
47
# of lobes of neutrophil
2-5
48
<1 lobe indicates what condition
Pelger-Huet anomaly (hyposegmentation)
49
>5 lobes indicate what condition
Megaloblastic anemia (hypersegmentation)
50
WBC that neutralizes basophils and mast cell products like histamine
Eosinophil
51
Homeostatic regulator of inflammation
Eosinophil
52
Basophil and mast cell product
Histamine
53
Granule contents of eosinophil
Major basic protein and peroxidase
54
Smallest of the granulocytes ; together with Basophil, it has high affinity to IgE
Basophil
55
Largest in the peripheral blood ; with ground glass appearance (granules)
Monocytes
56
Type 1 granules of monocytes
Peroxidase , ACP , arylsulfatase
57
Monocyte found in tissues
Macrophage
58
Primary defense mechanism against M. Tuberculosis
Lipase
59
Alveolar macrophage
Lungs
60
Liver macrophage
Kuppfer cells
61
Brain macrophage
Microglial cells
62
Connective tissues macrophage
Histiocytes
63
Skin macrophage
Langerhans
64
Bone macrophage
Osteoclast
65
Kidney macrophage
Mesengial cells
66
Resemble basophils but different linage ; larger than basophil with small round nucleus ; long life span 9-18 months
Mast cell
67
Covered with long membranous extensions that make them resemble nerve cell dendrites
Dendritic cells
68
Major functions is phagocyte-antigen and present it to the T-helper cells
Dendritic cells
69
Most potent phagocyte ; best antigen presenting cell
Dendritic cells
70
Acts as sensors for extracellular function
Pathogen recognition receptors
71
Detects pathogen associated molecular pathogens
Pathogen recognition receptors
72
Recognize molecules that are commonly found in microbial pathogens but not as host cellls
Toll-like receptor
73
Toll-like receptors have Highest concentration on
Monocytes Macrophages Neutrophils
74
Steps involved in phagocytosis
Adherence Engulfment Formation of phagosome Granule contact Formation of phagolysosome Digestion of the microorganism Excretion
75
Make the organism more susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonins
76
Central killing
NADPH oxidase
77
Oxidative burst ; most common elimination of organism via phagocytosis
Oxygen dependent process
78
Defensins and cathepsin G are example of what type of phagocytosis
Oxygen dependent process
79
The process by which degraded peptides within cells are transported to the plasma membrane where T cells can then recognize them
Antigen presentation
80
Bring out antigen from the cytoplasm to the surface
Major histocompatibility complex
81
Impaired NAPDH oxidase production
Chronic granulomatous disease
82
Test for CGD
NITRO BLUE TETRAZOLIUM TEST
83
Nitro blue tetrazolium test positive result
Absence of blue precipitate
84
Gold standard for testing CGD
Flow cytometric assay
85
FLOW CYTOMETRY : Neutrophils are labeled with
Dihydrorhodamine
86
FLOW CYTOMETRY : Neutrophils activation
Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)
87
POSITIVE CGD in flow cytometry
Less fluorescence
88
This condition is associated with wit McLeod phenotype
CGD
89
Large granular lymphocytes (kiss of death)
NK cells / natural killer cells
90
First line of defense against intracellular organisms and tumor cells ; non specific killing
Natural killer cells
91
A receptor for the specific end of antibodies
CD16
92
Important cytokine in NK development
Interleukin 15
93
Interleukin 15 releases
Granzymes and perforins
94
Induces programmed cell death in the target cell
Granzyme
95
Membrane disrupting protein
Perforins
96
Performs specific killing
T-cytotoxic
97
Performs nonspecific killing
NK cells
98
CD markers of NK CELLS
CD 16 & CD 56
99
Able to kill target cells without prior exposure to them
NK cells
100
Both chemotaxis and random movements are abnormal
Lazy leukocyte syndrome
101
Abnormal chemotaxis and normal random movements
Jobs syndrome
102
10-15% of WBC population
NK cells
103
Bridge to natural and acquired immunity
NK cell
104
Overall reaction of the body to tissue injury or invasion by an infectious agent
Inflammation
105
Stages of inflammation
Vascular response Cellular response Resolution and repair
106
An inflammation response Initiated by mast cells release of histamine (vasodilator) - basophil
Vascular response
107
An inflammation response in which small and faster neutrophils and macrophages produce IL-1 causing fever and increase acute phase reactants)
Cellular response
108
An inflammation response initiated by fibroblast proliferation
Resolution and repair

IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (7 decks)

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