Adaptive Immunity (7.3) Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Describe adaptive immunity
A
Immune response that is specific to a particular antigen
2
Q
State the 2 distinguishing features of the adaptive immune response
A
- specificity
2. immunological memory
3
Q
Describe specificity as a distinguishing feature of the adaptive immune response
A
Ability to recognise and respond exclusively to specific antigens
4
Q
Describe immunological memory as a distinguishing feature of the adaptive immune response
A
Ability of cells of the adaptive immune system to ‘remember’ antigens after primary exposure
5
Q
State what may occur as a result of immunological memory in the adaptive immune response if the ‘same’ pathogen is encountered again
A
Easily mount a large and rapid response to antigen
6
Q
Provide the name of the cells most crucial to the adaptive immune response
A
Lymphocytes
7
Q
State what each lymphocyte has for each antigen
A
Different receptor
8
Q
State whether or not lymphocytes are able to undergo proliferation
A
Yes.
9
Q
State the 2 classifications of lymphocytes
A
- B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
10
Q
State whether or not lymphocytes can undergo clonal selection
A
Yes.
11
Q
State the 2 classifications of lymphocytes
A
- B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
12
Q
State where B lymphocytes develop
A
Bone marrow
13
Q
State where T lymphocytes develop
A
Bone marrow
14
Q
State where B lymphocytes complete their maturation
A
Peripheral lymphoid organs and tissues
15
Q
State where T lymphocytes differentiate
A
Thymus
16
Q
Describe cell-mediated immunity
A
Immune response that is mediated by T lymphocytes
17
Q
State what cell has a heavy involvement in humoral immunity
A
B lymphocytes
18
Q
State what B lymphocytes produce throughout the humoral immune response
A
Specific antibodies against foreign antigens
19
Q
State where B lymphocytes release antibodies throughout the humoral immune response
A
Blood and lymphatic vessels
20
Q
Provide an alternative term for bodily fluids
A
Humoral
21
Q
Describe differentiation
A
Modification of the structure and function of a cell that occurs during its’ development
22
Q
State approximately how many B lymphocytes may be circling through the blood of a human being
A
Billions
23
Q
Provide the term used to describe mature lymphocytes that have not been activated by an antigen
A
Naive
24
Q
Describe naive
A
Mature lymphocytes that have not been activated by an antigen
25
State what occurs when a B lymphocyte meets and binds to a specific antigen
B lymphocyte is triggered/activated
26
State what occurs when a B lymphocyte is activated in the humoral immune response
B cell differentiates and proliferates
27
State what cytokines released by helper T lymphocytes are important for
Activation of B lymphocytes
28
State the 2 types of daughter cells differentiated into by activated B lymphocytes
- plasma cells
| - memory B lymphocytes
29
State in what part of the body memory B lymphocytes remain in for long periods of time
Lymphoid tissue
30
State whether or not memory B lymphocytes can remain in lymphoid tissue for an animal's lifetime
Yes
31
State what memory B lymphocytes are responsible for
Immunity following infection or vaccination
32
State whether or not memory B lymphocytes can divide
Yes.
33
State what cells memory B lymphocytes can give rise to if secondary exposure to a specific antigen occurs
Plasma cells
34
State what plasma cells are responsible for
Producing and secreting antibodies for immune protection
35
State how helper T lymphocytes can activate B lymphocytes
Cytokines
36
State what cells are responsible for the production of immunoglobulins
B lymphocytes
37
State where immunoglobulins produced by B lymphocytes are released
Blood and lymph
38
State what the basic unit of an antibody molecule is
Y-shaped protein
39
State what antibody molecules are composed of
- two long heavy chains
| - two short light chains
40
Provide a term to describe the amino acid sequences that form of the top of the 'arms' of the Y-shaped antibody
Variable regions
41
State what allows antibodies to bind to different antigens
Variation of antibody variable regions
42
State what binds to identical antigen-binding sites
Identical antigens
43
State what the single 'stem' of the Y-shaped antibody is
Conserved sequence in all antibodies
44
Provide a term to describe the single 'stem' of the Y-shaped antibody
Constant region
45
State what both the heavy and light chains of an antibody have
- variable region
| - constant region
46
State what naturally-produced antibodies consist of
Two identical variable regions
47
State what the constant region of an antigen is capable of
Binding to and initiating other immune components
48
State the 3 ways in which antibodies can act
1. monomers
2. dimers
3. pentameters
49
State the 5 main classes of antibody molecules
1. IgG
2. IgM
3. IgA
4. IgD
5. IgE
50
State whether or not antibodies directly destroy pathogens
No
51
State the 4 major functions of antibodies
1. neutralisation of bacterial toxins
2. neutralisation of pathogens
3. agglutination
4. precipitation
52
Describe the neutralisation of bacterial toxins of antibodies
Antibodies bind to bacterial toxins and block the action of toxins
53
Describe the neutralisation of pathogens of antibodies
Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogen surface required for entry into host cells to prevent pathogen invasion of host cells
54
Describe the agglutination of antibodies
Antibodies bind to antigens on cell surface, forming antigen-antibody complexes which activate phagocytes and the complement cascade resulting in cell destruction
55
Describe the precipitation of antibodies
Antibodies bind to soluble antigens, causing them to become insoluble and precipitate out of a solution
56
State what the antigen-antibody complex activates
- complement proteins
57
State 3 ways the the antigen-antibody complex inactivates antigens
- neutralisation
- agglutination
- precipitation
58
State what agglutination enhances
Phagocytosis
59
State what neutralisation enhances
Phagocytosis
60
State what precipitation enhances
Phagocytosis
61
State what the complement protein enhances
Phagocytosis and inflammation
62
State what cells are primarily involved in humoral immunity
B lymphocytes
63
State what cells are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
64
State what cell-mediated immunity is mediated by
TCR
65
State what TCR represnts
T cell receptors
66
State what T lymphocytes can be classified as depending on their function
- helper
- cytotoxic
- memory
67
Describe the role of helper T lymphocytes in the cell-mediated immune response
- secrete cytokines
- activate macrophages
- activate B lymphocytes
68
State what the secretion of cytokines by helper T lymphocytes in the cell-mediated immune response results in
Inflammation
69
State what occurs to the B lymphocytes activated by helper T lymphocytes in the cell-mediated immune response
Become antibody-secreting plasma cells or memory B lymphocytes
70
Describe the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the cell-mediated immune response
- recognise
- kill
foreign, infected or abnormal host cells by releasing toxic compounds
71
Describe when memory T lymphocytes are produced in the cell-mediated immune response
Produced after helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been activated during an infection
72
State what cytotoxic T lymphocytes and helper T lymphocytes differentiate into once activated
Antigen-specific memory T lymphocytes
73
State whether or not the memory T lymphocytes persist after the infection is resolved
Yes.
74
State why memory T lymphocytes persist after an infection has been resolved
To ensure prompt response should the same pathogen reinfect the organism
75
State what TCRs are central to
Function of T lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response
76
State what TCRs are composed of
Two polypeptide chains
77
State whether or not TCRs have a variable and constant region
Yes.
78
State how many antigen binding sites TCRs have
One
79
State whether or not TCRs bind to antigens on pathogens
No
80
State to what TCRs bind
Fragments of antigens that are displayed or presented on APC surfaces
81
State what the binding of TCRs to APCs triggers
Signal transduction in the T lymphocyte
82
State what signal transduction in the T lymphocyte triggered by TCR and APC binding results in
- proliferation
- cytokine release
- activation of cytotoxic function
83
State what T lymphocytes check
Antigens of cells they come in contact with
84
State what all nucleated cells have
MHCI molecules
85
State to what the antigens presented by surface proteins of nucleated cells are presented
MHC-I molecules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
86
State what occurs when an APC engulfs a pathogen
Antigens of the pathogen are broken into smaller peptides
87
State what occur to antigen fragments produced by APC breakdown
Bind to MHC-II molecules inside the cell
88
State where the antigen-MHC-II complexes move to after binding
Cell surface
89
State to what cells antigen-MHC-II complexes present to after moving to the cell surface
Helper T lymphocytes
90
State what the TCRs on the helper T lymphocytes recognise
Antigen-MHC-II complex
91
State what signal transduction in the helper T lymphocyte leads to for the involved APC
Activation
92
State what occurs after initial exposure in the primary immune response
B and T lymphocytes form B and T memory lymphocytes
93
Provide the antibody that are predominately involved in the primary immune response
IgM
94
State what occurs much faster in the secondary immune response
Lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production
95
Provide the antibody that are predominately involved in the secondary immune response
IgG
96
Provide the antibody that are predominately involved in the secondary immune response
IgG
97
Describe the location of IgG antibodies
- blood
| - lymph/extracellular fluid
98
Describe the function of IgG antibodies
- agglutination
| - complement activation
99
Describe the location of IgM antibodies
- blood
| - lymph
100
Describe the function of IgM antibodies
- agglutination
| - complement activation
101
Describe the function of IgA antibodies
- mucosal immunity
102
Describe the location of IgA antibodies
- secretions (e.g. tears, saliva, milk)
103
Describe the location of IgD antibodies
- blood
- lymph
(largely present on B lymphocyte surfaces)
104
Describe the function of IgD antibodies
- possibly regulating innate immune response
| function largely unknown
105
Describe the location of IgE antibodies
- blood
- lymph
(attached to mast cells)
106
Describe the function of IgE antibodies
- allergic reactions
107
Describe the structure of IgG antibodies
Monomers
108
Describe the structure of IgM antibodies
Pentamers
109
Describe the structure of IgA antibodies
Dimers
110
Describe the structure of IgD antibodies
Monomers
111
Describe the structure of IgE antibodies
Monomers
112
State where B lymphocytes commence differentiation
Peripheral lymphoid organs and tissues
113
State the major site of final B lymphocyte maturation
Spleen
114
Describe plasma cells
Activated B lymphocytes that produce large quantities of the same type of antibody
115
State what receptor helper T cells express
CD4
116
State what receptor cytotoxic T cells express
CD8
117
State what receptor T regulatory cells express
CD4 & CD25
118
State the role of T regulatory cells
Distinguish between self and non-self
119
State what cells MHCI receptor are found upon
All normal self cells
120
State at alternative name for TLR receptor
T cell receptor (TCR)
121
State to what TCR/TLRs bind to on APC
MHCII
122
State whether or not non-phagocytic leukocytes have MHCII markers
No.
123
State why non-phagocytic leukocytes do not have MHCII markers
These cells do not present fragments of antigens
124
State what receptors are expressed by T cells
TCR and either CD4 or CD8 (but not both)
125
State the role of TCR
Recognise MHCI or MHCII
126
Describe MHC
Gene region that codes for MHC proteins
127
State to what cells MHCI communicate
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
128
State what MHCI proteins present
- self-antigens
| - proteins produced intracellularly (such as antigens produced by virus-infected cells)
129
State what occurs if a cytotoxic T lymphocyte reacts to an antigen being presented by MHCI markers
Becomes activated and releases toxic peptides that damage and target the cell membrane - inducing apoptosis
130
State upon what cells MHCII are present
APC
131
State what MHCII presents
Antigens that originated extracellularly and have been processed by phagocytosis
132
State to what cells MHCII primarily communicate
Helper T lymphocytes
133
State what occurs if a helper T lymphocyte reacts to an antigen being presented by MHCII markers
Cytokine secretion attracting immune cells to infection site
134
State what the shape of antibodies released by plasma cells mirrors
B Cell Receptor
135
State what the presence of foreign antigens initiates the production of
Antibodies by plasma cells
136
State what an activated cytotoxic T cells will do if it encounters a body cell presenting the antigen that it is specific for
Signals to the cell to undergo apoptosis
137
Describe humoral immunity
Immune response involving B lymphocytes that produce specific antibodies against foreign antigens
138
Provide the names of the defensive molecules involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses
- complement proteins
| - cytokines
139
State the two classification of cytokines as defensive molecules in both the innate and adaptive immune responses
- interferons
| - chemokines
140
Describe B lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that produce large quantities of antibodies when stimulated
141
Describe T lymphocytes
Lymphocyte that is responsible for the cell-mediated immune response
