Phylogenetic Trees (11.2)

Question 1

Describe phylogenetic trees

Answer 1

Diagram representing evolutionary relationships between species.

Question 2

State what 2 things a phylogenetic tree can be

Answer 2

1. Rooted

2. Unrooted

Question 3

Compare and contrast a rooted and unrooted phylogenetic tree

Answer 3

Rooted trees - ancestral relationships

Unrooted trees - show relatedness between species

Question 4

State 2 alternative terms used to describe phylogenetic trees

Answer 4

Evolutionary trees/phylogenies

Question 5

State what 2 types of homologous features can be used in the construction of phylogenetic trees

Answer 5

1. Morphological

2. Molecular

Question 6

Outline the aim of phylogenetic trees

Answer 6

Reveal branching history of common ancestry

Question 7

State what 2 pieces of information scientists can use to reconstruct the evolutionary past of species

Answer 7

1. Morphological evidence

2. DNA or RNA sequences

Question 8

State what most phylogenetic trees are constructed on the basis of today

Answer 8

DNA or RNA sequence data

Question 9

State what phylogenetic trees based on molecular characters can be used to compare

Answer 9

Any organisms (even if they seem to have very few characteristics in common)

Question 10

State what must be taken into account when constructing phylogenies

Answer 10

Varying mutation rates of different DNA or RNA regions

Question 11

State what phylogenetic trees are usually constructed using

Answer 11

Sequence alignments of same gene

Question 12

Describe phylogeny

Answer 12

Evolutionary history of lineages as they diverge from a common ancestor over time

Question 13

Describe Linnaean system of classification

Answer 13

A hierarchical system of classifying organisms

Question 14

State how organisms are organised into a hierarchy of groups based on the Linnaean system of classification

Answer 14

Taxa

Question 15

Describe taxon

Answer 15

A group of organisms that form an evolutionary unit

Question 16

State what Biologists describe taxa based on

Answer 16

The Linnaean system of classification

Question 17

State what the science of classifying organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary history is termed

Answer 17

Taxonomy

Question 18

State the 9 levels of classification from broadest to most specific

Answer 18

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Sub-phylum
5. Class
6. Order
7. Family
8. Genus
9. Species

Question 19

The greater the number of nucleotide differences between sequences or taxa, the greater…

Answer 19

The distance between them

Question 20

Describe lineage

Answer 20

All the species that are descendants of a common ancestor

Question 21

Describe an outgroup

Answer 21

More distantly related group of organisms compared to ingroup to determine evolutionary relationships

Question 22

Describe root

Answer 22

Represents the common ancestor of all taxa present in the tree

Question 23

Describe from where branches and leaves extend in a phylogenetic tree

Answer 23

Root or ancestral lineage

Question 24

State what each line on the tree is termed

Answer 24

Branch

Question 25

State what a branch represents

Answer 25

The evolutionary path from the common ancestor

Question 26

State what the end of each branch contains

Answer 26

A scientific name

Question 27

State what the end of each branch on a phylogenetic tree is termed

Answer 27

Leaf

Question 28

State what the point at which two branches diverge

Answer 28

Node

Question 29

State an alternative term to describe the point at which two branches diverge

Answer 29

Branch point

Question 30

State what the node or branch point represents

Answer 30

Last common ancestor that the diverging groups shared

Question 31

State what the outgroup species is sometimes included in a tree diagram for

Answer 31

Compare evolutionary relationships of ingroup

Question 32

State what pairs of taxa grouped together are termed

Answer 32

Sister taxa

Question 33

State what sister taxa are

Answer 33

The most closely related relative to other taxa in the tree

Question 34

State what the most closely related taxa have between them

Answer 34

The shortest branch lengths

Question 35

State what each section of a phylogenetic tree is termed

Answer 35

Clade

Question 36

Describe clade

Answer 36

A group of organisms that include an ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor

Question 37

State what shorted branch lengths in phylogenetic trees indicate

Answer 37

That there have been fewer evolutionary divergence points between the taxa and they are therefore less divergent

Question 38

State what the order in which clades diverged from their common ancestor are represented by

Answer 38

The order of the branching points (or nodes)

Question 39

State the 3 different ways in which taxa can be grouped

Answer 39

1. Monophyletic groups 2. Paraphyletic groups 3. Polyphyletic groups

Question 40

Describe monophyletic groups

Answer 40

Groups that include a common ancestor and clade

Question 41

Describe paraphyletic groups

Answer 41

Groups that include a common ancestor and some of its' descendants

Question 42

Describe polyphyletic groups

Answer 42

Groups that include multiple descendants but do not include a common ancestor

Question 43

State the 2 further classifications of unrooted and rooted trees

Answer 43

1. Scaled | 2. Unscaled

Question 44

State a term to describe scaled trees

Answer 44

Phylograms

Question 45

State a term to describe unscaled trees

Answer 45

Cladograms

Question 46

State what the order of branching points from root to tip represent

Answer 46

The order of evolutionary divergence of taxa

Question 47

State what the root of a tree represents

Answer 47

Hypothesised common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree

Question 48

State what the time that has passed since the organisms shared a common ancestor can be represented by

Answer 48

Branch length

Question 49

State what the outgroup defined during the analysis of root formation provides

Answer 49

A comparison point

Question 50

Describe ingroup

Answer 50

Main group of organisms

Question 51

State what the lengths of branches connecting two organisms indicates in phylograms

Answer 51

The amount of genetic divergence between them

Question 52

Describe polytomies

Answer 52

A node in a phylogenetic tree that indicates three or more lineages evolving from a common ancestor

Question 53

State what unrooted trees do not include

Answer 53

An ancestral root

Question 54

State what unrooted phylogenetic trees often have

Answer 54

Radial layout

Question 55

State why unrooted phylogenetic trees often have a radial layout

Answer 55

Because the ancestor is not defined in unrooted trees

Question 56

State when polytomies occur

Answer 56

When there is not enough information to distinguish the order of evolution or when rapid speciation has occured after adaptive radiation in a new environment

Question 57

State what lineages will be closely related after rapid speciation has occured

Answer 57

Daughter lineages

Question 58

State what unrooted phylogenetic trees only indicate

Answer 58

The relationship between different leaf nodes

Question 59

State what unrooted phylogenetic trees do not indicate

Answer 59

Which node is the most ancestral

Question 60

State whether or not unrooted trees can have scaled branches

Answer 60

Yes

Question 61

State whether or not rooted trees can have scaled branches

Answer 61

Yes

Question 62

State the 3 domains

Answer 62

Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

Question 63

State the 4 kingdoms

Answer 63

Protista, Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi

Question 64

State the pneumonic used to remember break down of taxa

Answer 64

Dear King Philip Says Come Over For Good Soup

Question 65

State why sequences of DNA and RNA must first be aligned before analysising the evolutionary relationships between species

Answer 65

Reduce effect posed by varying mutation rates of different DNA or RNA regions

Question 66

State what a phylogenetic tree that is rooted and unscaled is termed

Answer 66

Cladogram

Question 67

State what a phylogenetic tree that is rooted and scaled is termed

Answer 67

Phylogram

Question 68

State what a phylogenetic tree that is unrooted and scaled is termed

Answer 68

Phylogram

Question 69

State what a phylogenetic tree that is unrooted and unscaled is termed

Answer 69

Cladogram

Question 70

State the 4 types of phylogenetic/evolutionary trees

Answer 70

1. Rooted and unscaled 2. Rooted and scaled 3. Unrooted and unscaled 4. Unrooted and scaled

Question 71

State 2 pieces of evidence that can be used to construct phylogenetic trres

Answer 71

1. Morphological comparison | 2. DNA analysis comparison