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B12 > Phylogenetic Trees (11.2) > Flashcards

Phylogenetic Trees (11.2) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe phylogenetic trees

A

Diagram representing evolutionary relationships between species.

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2
Q

State what 2 things a phylogenetic tree can be

A
  1. Rooted

2. Unrooted

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3
Q

Compare and contrast a rooted and unrooted phylogenetic tree

A

Rooted trees - ancestral relationships

Unrooted trees - show relatedness between species

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4
Q

State 2 alternative terms used to describe phylogenetic trees

A

Evolutionary trees/phylogenies

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5
Q

State what 2 types of homologous features can be used in the construction of phylogenetic trees

A
  1. Morphological

2. Molecular

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6
Q

Outline the aim of phylogenetic trees

A

Reveal branching history of common ancestry

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7
Q

State what 2 pieces of information scientists can use to reconstruct the evolutionary past of species

A
  1. Morphological evidence

2. DNA or RNA sequences

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8
Q

State what most phylogenetic trees are constructed on the basis of today

A

DNA or RNA sequence data

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9
Q

State what phylogenetic trees based on molecular characters can be used to compare

A

Any organisms (even if they seem to have very few characteristics in common)

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10
Q

State what must be taken into account when constructing phylogenies

A

Varying mutation rates of different DNA or RNA regions

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11
Q

State what phylogenetic trees are usually constructed using

A

Sequence alignments of same gene

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12
Q

Describe phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of lineages as they diverge from a common ancestor over time

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13
Q

Describe Linnaean system of classification

A

A hierarchical system of classifying organisms

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14
Q

State how organisms are organised into a hierarchy of groups based on the Linnaean system of classification

A

Taxa

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15
Q

Describe taxon

A

A group of organisms that form an evolutionary unit

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16
Q

State what Biologists describe taxa based on

A

The Linnaean system of classification

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17
Q

State what the science of classifying organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary history is termed

A

Taxonomy

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18
Q

State the 9 levels of classification from broadest to most specific

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Sub-phylum
  5. Class
  6. Order
  7. Family
  8. Genus
  9. Species
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19
Q

The greater the number of nucleotide differences between sequences or taxa, the greater…

A

The distance between them

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20
Q

Describe lineage

A

All the species that are descendants of a common ancestor

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21
Q

Describe an outgroup

A

More distantly related group of organisms compared to ingroup to determine evolutionary relationships

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22
Q

Describe root

A

Represents the common ancestor of all taxa present in the tree

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23
Q

Describe from where branches and leaves extend in a phylogenetic tree

A

Root or ancestral lineage

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24
Q

State what each line on the tree is termed

A

Branch

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25
Q

State what a branch represents

A

The evolutionary path from the common ancestor

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26
Q

State what the end of each branch contains

A

A scientific name

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27
Q

State what the end of each branch on a phylogenetic tree is termed

A

Leaf

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28
Q

State what the point at which two branches diverge

A

Node

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29
Q

State an alternative term to describe the point at which two branches diverge

A

Branch point

30
Q

State what the node or branch point represents

A

Last common ancestor that the diverging groups shared

31
Q

State what the outgroup species is sometimes included in a tree diagram for

A

Compare evolutionary relationships of ingroup

32
Q

State what pairs of taxa grouped together are termed

A

Sister taxa

33
Q

State what sister taxa are

A

The most closely related relative to other taxa in the tree

34
Q

State what the most closely related taxa have between them

A

The shortest branch lengths

35
Q

State what each section of a phylogenetic tree is termed

A

Clade

36
Q

Describe clade

A

A group of organisms that include an ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor

37
Q

State what shorted branch lengths in phylogenetic trees indicate

A

That there have been fewer evolutionary divergence points between the taxa and they are therefore less divergent

38
Q

State what the order in which clades diverged from their common ancestor are represented by

A

The order of the branching points (or nodes)

39
Q

State the 3 different ways in which taxa can be grouped

A
  1. Monophyletic groups
  2. Paraphyletic groups
  3. Polyphyletic groups
40
Q

Describe monophyletic groups

A

Groups that include a common ancestor and clade

41
Q

Describe paraphyletic groups

A

Groups that include a common ancestor and some of its’ descendants

42
Q

Describe polyphyletic groups

A

Groups that include multiple descendants but do not include a common ancestor

43
Q

State the 2 further classifications of unrooted and rooted trees

A
  1. Scaled

2. Unscaled

44
Q

State a term to describe scaled trees

A

Phylograms

45
Q

State a term to describe unscaled trees

A

Cladograms

46
Q

State what the order of branching points from root to tip represent

A

The order of evolutionary divergence of taxa

47
Q

State what the root of a tree represents

A

Hypothesised common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree

48
Q

State what the time that has passed since the organisms shared a common ancestor can be represented by

A

Branch length

49
Q

State what the outgroup defined during the analysis of root formation provides

A

A comparison point

50
Q

Describe ingroup

A

Main group of organisms

51
Q

State what the lengths of branches connecting two organisms indicates in phylograms

A

The amount of genetic divergence between them

52
Q

Describe polytomies

A

A node in a phylogenetic tree that indicates three or more lineages evolving from a common ancestor

53
Q

State what unrooted trees do not include

A

An ancestral root

54
Q

State what unrooted phylogenetic trees often have

A

Radial layout

55
Q

State why unrooted phylogenetic trees often have a radial layout

A

Because the ancestor is not defined in unrooted trees

56
Q

State when polytomies occur

A

When there is not enough information to distinguish the order of evolution or when rapid speciation has occured after adaptive radiation in a new environment

57
Q

State what lineages will be closely related after rapid speciation has occured

A

Daughter lineages

58
Q

State what unrooted phylogenetic trees only indicate

A

The relationship between different leaf nodes

59
Q

State what unrooted phylogenetic trees do not indicate

A

Which node is the most ancestral

60
Q

State whether or not unrooted trees can have scaled branches

A

Yes

61
Q

State whether or not rooted trees can have scaled branches

A

Yes

62
Q

State the 3 domains

A

Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

63
Q

State the 4 kingdoms

A

Protista, Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi

64
Q

State the pneumonic used to remember break down of taxa

A

Dear King Philip Says Come Over For Good Soup

65
Q

State why sequences of DNA and RNA must first be aligned before analysising the evolutionary relationships between species

A

Reduce effect posed by varying mutation rates of different DNA or RNA regions

66
Q

State what a phylogenetic tree that is rooted and unscaled is termed

A

Cladogram

67
Q

State what a phylogenetic tree that is rooted and scaled is termed

A

Phylogram

68
Q

State what a phylogenetic tree that is unrooted and scaled is termed

A

Phylogram

69
Q

State what a phylogenetic tree that is unrooted and unscaled is termed

A

Cladogram

70
Q

State the 4 types of phylogenetic/evolutionary trees

A
  1. Rooted and unscaled
  2. Rooted and scaled
  3. Unrooted and unscaled
  4. Unrooted and scaled
71
Q

State 2 pieces of evidence that can be used to construct phylogenetic trres

A
  1. Morphological comparison

2. DNA analysis comparison

B12 (41 decks)

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