Defining Humans (12.1)

Question 1

State what Homo Sapiens is

Answer 1

The Latin term for our species

Question 2

State what the term ‘Homo sapiens’ translates to

Answer 2

‘Wise man’

Question 3

State what Homo sapiens are today considered

Answer 3

• widespread
• adaptable
• influential

Question 4

State what Homo sapiens are classified by the Linnaean system as

Answer 4

Animal kingdom member

Question 5

Within the Primate order, humans belong to the same ____ as great apes

Answer 5

Family

Question 6

State what family Homo sapiens belong to

Answer 6

Hominidae

Question 7

State what all hominids lack

Answer 7

A tail

Question 8

State what all hominids have in common

Answer 8

Skeletal and structural features

Question 9

What animals are considered Homo sapiens closest living relatives?

Answer 9

Chimpanzees and Bonobos

Question 10

State when Homo sapiens last shared common ancestor with Chimpanzees and Bonobos existed

Answer 10

6-8 million years ago

Question 11

Describe hominids

Answer 11

Member of the family hominidae

Question 12

Provide the name of oldest known ancestor of modern humans

Answer 12

Sahelanthropus

Question 13

Provide the geographic range of Homo sapiens

Answer 13

Worldwide

Question 14

Provide the time range of Homo sapien existence

Answer 14

200 000 years ago - present

Question 15

State where fossil and genetic evidence places the earliest of our species

Answer 15

In Africa

Question 16

State where the earliest evidence of anatomically modern humans was found in

Answer 16

Omo Kibish in Ethiopia

Question 17

State how old the fossils from Omo Kibish were

Answer 17

195,000 years old

Question 18

State what fossils belonging to the genus Homo are considered

Answer 18

Gracile

Question 19

Describe gracile

Answer 19

Relatively lightweight skeleton and a more upright bipedal stance

Question 20

State what relationship evidence from DNA and fossils has shown between Homo sapiens, neanderthalensis and denisovans

Answer 20

All three species coexisted and interbred

Question 21

Describe the trend in cranial capacity structure over time

Answer 21

Capacity increased from 460 cm3 to 1350 cm3

Question 22

Describe the trend in brow ridge structure over time

Answer 22

Brow ridge decreased in size

Question 23

Describe the trend in face shape over time

Answer 23

Faces became flatter

Question 24

Provide a reason supporting the change in brow ridge structure over time

Answer 24

Increasing size of cranium

Question 25

Describe the trend in chin structure over time

Answer 25

Homo sapiens are the only hominin species to have evolved a chin

Question 26

Describe the trend in teeth structure over time

Answer 26

Dental arch changed from U-shape to shorter V-shape

Question 27

Provide a reason supporting the change in teeth structure over time

Answer 27

Changing hominin diet to more softer, cooked foods

Question 28

Describe the trend in foramen magnum over time

Answer 28

Foramen magnum became more central

Question 29

Provide a reason supporting the change in foramen magnum structure over time

Answer 29

Increasing time spent upright

Question 30

Describe the trend in spine curve over time

Answer 30

From C - S shaped (curves in upper and lower spine)

Question 31

Describe the trend in rib cage structure over time

Answer 31

Funnel - barrel shaped

Question 32

Provide a reason supporting the change in spine curve over time

Answer 32

Additional curves supported weight vertically, aiding upright mobility

Question 33

Provide a reason supporting the change in rib cage structure over time

Answer 33

Barrel-shaped structure helped to maintain upright posture for lengthy periods of time

Question 34

Describe the trend in arm:leg over time

Answer 34

Arm:Leg decreased over time

Question 35

Provide a reason supporting the change in arm: leg over time

Answer 35

Legs became increasingly used for bipedal locomotion

Question 36

Describe the trend in pelvis structure over time

Answer 36

Shorter and more bowl-shaped

Question 37

Provide a reason supporting the change in pelvis structure over time

Answer 37

Greater support for upper body whilst standing and walking upright

Question 38

Outline the change in leg attachment to the pelvis

Answer 38

Earlier species, straight line attachment meant species had to swing their legs wide when walking. Now attached at angle.

Question 39

Describe the trend in big toe structure over time

Answer 39

More protruding

Question 40

Describe the trend in smaller toes over time

Answer 40

Increasingly aligned

Question 41

Provide a reason supporting the change in structure of small toes

Answer 41

No longer a need to grasp with small toes

Question 42

Describe the trend in foot arch over time

Answer 42

Foot arch increases

Question 43

Provide a reason supporting the changes in structure of foot arch

Answer 43

More efficient bipedal locomotion

Question 44

Describe the trend in heel size over time

Answer 44

Increased

Question 45

Provide a reason supporting the changes in heel structure over time

Answer 45

Bipedalism more energy efficient and less impactful

Question 46

Describe the trend in hand function over time

Answer 46

Hands free to engage in cultural/artistic activities

Question 47

Provide a reason for hand functionality increasing over time

Answer 47

Bidpedal development

Question 48

Describe the trend in head function over time

Answer 48

Raise heads to scan for prey and predators

Question 49

Describe the trend in SA exposure over time

Answer 49

Standing upright reduced UV exposure

Question 50

Describe the trend in cognitivity over time

Answer 50

As brain size increased, higher cognitivie processes developed

Question 51

State the order of the Homo genus to 4.2 million years ago

Answer 51

1. Australophithecus 2. Paranthropus 3. Humans 4. Modern humans

Question 52

Describe the subspecies in the Genus Homo (early humans and humans) - oldest to youngest

Answer 52

1. Habilis 2. Rudolfensis 3. Erectus 4. Heidelbergensis 5. Neanderthalensis 6. Denisovans 7. Floresiensis 8. Sapiens

Question 53

Describe the characteristics of vision which all primates share

Answer 53

- Forward facing eyes - Binocular vision - Colour

Question 54

Describe the characteristic shape of face/snout which all primates share

Answer 54

- Reduced projection

Question 55

Describe the characteristic structure of teeth which all primates share

Answer 55

- Simple cusp pattern | - 3/4 different types

Question 56

Describe the characteristic structure of hands and feet which all primates share

Answer 56

- 5 digits - Nails - Opposable thumb/big toes

Question 57

Describe the characteristic social organisation shared by all primates

Answer 57

- Complex social hierarchies

Question 58

Describe the characteristics of reproduction shared by all primates

Answer 58

- Increased infancy dependency | - Long period of parental care

Question 59

Describe prognathism

Answer 59

Extension/bulging out of lower jaw

Question 60

Compare and contrast hominins and hominoids

Answer 60

Hominoids - include all apes | Hominins - humans and their extinct closest ancestors

Question 61

Outline the characteristic trend in jaw size in Homo species

Answer 61

Small

Question 62

Outline the distinguishing feature of Homo neanderthalensis

Answer 62

Prominent brow ridges

Question 63

State the domain of H. Sapiens

Answer 63

Eukarya

Question 64

State the phylum of H. Sapiens

Answer 64

Chordata

Question 65

State the class of H. Sapiens

Answer 65

Mammalia

Question 66

State the order of H. Sapiens

Answer 66

Primates

Question 67

State the family of H. Sapiens

Answer 67

Hominidae

Question 68

State the genus of H. Sapiens

Answer 68

Homo

Question 69

State the species of H. Sapiens

Answer 69

H. Sapiens