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B12 > Cells Review (2.1) > Flashcards

Cells Review (2.1) Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

Unicellular

No membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

State 3 examples of prokaryotic cells

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Cyanobacteria
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3
Q

Describe the effect of a flattened shape on eukaryotic cell function

A

Increase SA:V ratio

Increase rate of exchange across the plasma membrane

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4
Q

State the 2 major advantages of electron microscopy

A
  • High resolution

- High depth of field

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5
Q

State the 2 major disadvantages of electron microscopy

A
  • Black and white images

- Specimens must be dead

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6
Q

Define cells

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life on Earth

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7
Q

Describe the major catalyst of biochemical/cellular processes

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

Describe fluorescence microscopy

A

Light microscopy technique

Used to examine cells that are naturally/artificially fluorescent

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9
Q

Describe the function of the SER

A

Synthesis of lipids

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10
Q

Describe genophore

A

Single, circular DNA chromosome of prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

Describe the function of vacuoles

A
  • Storage

- Cell structure maintenance

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12
Q

State um-mm conversion

A

1000um=1mm

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13
Q

State the 2 major types of light microscopy

A
  1. Fluorescence

2. Confocal

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14
Q

Describe how the total magnification of a microscope is determined

A

Objective x eyepiece

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15
Q

Describe transmission electron microscopy

A

Electron travels through ultrathin section of specimen

Fine structural details observed

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16
Q

Describe the 2 major types of electron microscopy techniques

A
  1. Transmission

2. Scanning

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17
Q

Define organelle

A

Specialised cellular structure

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18
Q

Describe eukaryotic cell

A

Characterised by membrane-bound organelles

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19
Q

State 4 examples of eukaryotes

A
  • Plant
  • Animal
  • Fungi
  • Protista
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20
Q

State the term used to describe the small hair like projections of prokaryotes

A

Pili

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21
Q

Describe the role of flagella in prokaryotes

A

Enable mobility

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22
Q

Describe the role of the capsule in prokaryotes

A

Protect some prokaryotes from damage and dehydration

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23
Q

State the 4 common features of all cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosomes
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24
Q

State the point where chromosomal DNA is attached to the plasma membrane

A

Origin

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25
State the 6 kingdoms of classification
- Bacteria - Archaea - Protista - Fungi - Plantae - Animalia
26
Describe the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis
Translate messenger RNA into protein
27
State the 3 domains of classification
- Bacteria - Archaea - Eukarya
28
Describe biogenesis
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
29
Describe the function of the nucleus
Directs cell activities | Contains genetic material involved in protein synthesis
30
Describe the function of the Golgi Apparatus
Processes and packages proteins into vesicles for cell export
31
Compare and contrast bacteria and archaea (Provide 3 similarities and differences)
- Murein present in bacterial cell wall - Archaea undergo methanogenesis - Bacteria most ancient (archaea evolved from eukaryotes)
32
Describe the function of plastids (other than chloroplasts)
Synthesis and storage of organic compounds
33
State specialised pili that can attach to surfaces
Fimbriae
34
Describe the function of ribosomes
Protein synthesis
35
Define Protista
Mostly single celled organisms with plant, animal, fungi characteristics
36
Provide 1 example of a protista
Protozoan known as plasmodium | responsible for malaria in humans
37
Describe the function of mitochondrion
Release energy from organic compounds | cellular respiration
38
State 3 ways SA:V ratio of the cell can be increased
- Cell compartmentalisation - Flattened shape - Plasma membrane extensions
39
Describe the function of peroxisomes
Metabolic reactions | Oxidation of harmful materials
40
Describe the position of the cell wall in eukaryotes
External | Surrounds plasma membrane
41
State plant/animal presence of the cell wall
Plants: Y Animals: N
42
Define nucleus
Double-membrane bound organelle Contains DNA Directs cell activities
43
State plant/animal presence of the nucleus
Plants: Y Animals: Y
44
Define vacuoles
Membrane bound organelles | Involved in storage and cell structure maintenance
45
State plant/animal presence of vacuoles
Plants: Y Animals: small
46
State 3 uses of biomolecules
- Cell export - Organelle creation - Repair
47
Define nucleolus
Made up of proteins and RNA | Responsible for the formation of incomplete ribosomes
48
State plant/animal presence of the nucleolus
Plants: Y Animals: Y
49
Describe enzymes
Protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst
50
Describe cisternae
Network of membraneous sacs | Flattened membrane disks of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus
51
State what some prokaryotic cells contain as 'additional' genetic material
Rings of double stranded DNA called 'plasmids'
52
Define SER
Membrane-bound organelle Network of cisternae Lipid synthesis
53
State plant/animal presence of the SER
Plants: Y Animals: Y
54
Define chloroplast
Double membrane bound organelle Contains DNA Uses light energy, CO2 and H2O to produce glucose (photosynthesis)
55
State plant/animal presence of chloroplasts
Plants: Y Animals: N
56
Describe the function of the RER
Synthesis and processing of proteins
57
Define plastids
Double membrane bound organelles Contains DNA Synthesis and storage of diverse organic compounds
58
State plant/animal presence of plastids
Plants: Y Animals: N
59
Define mitochondrion
Double membrane bound organelle Contains DNA Release energy from organic compounds (Cellular respiration)
60
State plant/animal presence of mitochondrion
Plants: Y Animals: Y
61
Define lysosome
Membrane bound organelle Vesicle containing digestive enzymes Digest waste and foreign material
62
State plant/animal presence of lysosomes
Plants: N Animals: Y
63
Describe gram-negative bacteria
Thin layer of murien that doesn't absorb stains | Appears 'pink' - negative
64
Provide 1 example of gram-negative bacteria
Cyanobacteria
65
Describe the function of the cytoskeleton
Internal support | Transport network
66
Describe gram-positive bacteria
Thick layer of murien that absorbs and holds stains | Appears 'purple' - positive
67
Define Golgi Apparatus
Membrane bound organelle | Further processes and packages proteins into vesicles for cell export
68
State plant/animal presence of the Golgi Apparatus
Plants: Y Animals: Y
69
Describe the function of RER-bound ribosomes
Synthesis proteins for cell export
70
State the major advantage of light microscopy
Used to show living cells in colour
71
Describe the function of the cell wall
Structural support | Protection
72
Describe the function of the centriole
Cell division | Formation of cellular structures
73
State 2 types of cell classifications
- Prokaryotic | - Eukaryotic
74
Describe the function of chloroplasts
Use light energy, CO2 and H2O to produce glucose | photosynthesis
75
State the region where genetic material is contained within prokaryotes
Nucleoid
76
State what substances compose the prokaryotic bacterial cell wall
Murein and protein
77
State the more complex term used to reference 'murein'
Peptidoglycan
78
Describe the function of cilia and flagella
Mobility
79
State the part of some prokaryotes that protects the cell from damage and dehydration
Capsule
80
Describe cell compartmentalisation within eukaryotic cells and a major condition it allows for
Internal compartments separated by membranes to allow for the generation of optimal conditions
81
Describe the effect of cell compartmentalisation on eukaryotic cell size
Eukaryotic cells can be larger than prokaryotes as: - Higher SA:V ratio - Increased space for enzymes to function
82
Define RER
Membrane bound organelle Ribosomes bound to membrane Synthesis of proteins
83
State plant/animal presence of RER
Plants: Y Animals: Y
84
Define ribosome
Organelle Involved in protein synthesis Free in cytoplasm/attached to RER
85
State composition of ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA and protein
86
State plant/animal presence of ribosomes
Plants: Y Animals: Y
87
Describe the effect of plasma membrane extensions on eukaryotic cell function
Increases SA:V ratio | Enhances opportunity for the absorption and secretion of substances
88
Describe the function of the lysosome
Digest waste and foreign material
89
State what the activity of cells requires
Energy
90
Describe the 3 major ideas of the cell theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells and their related products 2. All cells come from pre-existing cells 3. The cell is the basic organisation unit of living things
91
Describe scanning electron microscopy
Electrons bounced off specimen which is coated in a layer of gold Internal details can't be observed
92
Describe confocal microscopy
Light microscopy technique 'Optical sections' of cell or tissue are obtained (without sectioning or slicing) Produces 3D structural views
93
Define centriole
Small structure composed of microtubules | Involved in cell division and cell structure formation
94
State plant/animal presence of centrioles
Plants: - Animals: Y
95
State what substances compose the fungi cell wall
Chitin
96
State what substance composes the plant cell wall
Cellulose
97
Define peroxisomes
Double membrane bound organelles | Metabolic reactions including oxidation of harmful materials
98
State plant/animal presence of peroxisomes
Plants: Y Animals: Y
99
Describe the function of pili
Transfer of DNA between organisms which can also help generate movement
100
Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton
3D internal support | Fills cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
101
State plant/animal presence of the cytoskeleton
Plants: Y Animals: Y
102
Describe genetic material of prokaryotes
Single, circular DNA chromosome
103
Is DNA found in the nucleolus of cells?
No
104
State what is found in the nucleolus of cells
Region concerned with production and assembly of ribosomes

B12 (41 decks)

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