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B12 > Signalling Molecules (6.1) > Flashcards

Signalling Molecules (6.1) Flashcards

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1
Q

State the 2 types of environments from which multicellular organisms can detect and respond to signals

A
  • internal

- external

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2
Q

Describe response

A

Action or change in functionality of a cell that occurs as a result of a specific stimulus

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3
Q

Describe stimulus

A

Chemical or physical change that activates a receptor molecule in a cell and generates a response

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4
Q

Describe stimulus-response model

A

Explanation of the mechanism by which an organism, organ or cell changes its behavior or physiology as a consequence of changes in its internal or external environment

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5
Q

State 5 different types of stimuli

A
  1. Variations in nature
  2. Changes in pressure
  3. Light
  4. Temperature
  5. Chemical molecules
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6
Q

Describe signalling molecules

A

A molecule involved in chemical communication between cells

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7
Q

State whether or not all cells can detect stimuli

A

Not all cells are capable of detecting stimuli

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8
Q

State whether or not all cells can respond to stimuli

A

Not all cells can respond to stimuli

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9
Q

State where cells that are capable of detecting stimuli can pass detected information to

A

Other cells

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10
Q

State how cells that are capable of detecting stimuli can pass detected information to other cells

A

Signalling molecules

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11
Q

State what cells respond to signalling molecules

A

Effector cells

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12
Q

Describe effector cells

A

A cell that responds to signalling molecules

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13
Q

State whether or not signalling molecules can trigger a response even at very low concentrations

A

Yes. Signalling molecules are able to trigger a response at very low concentrations

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14
Q

State the 2 different environments communication via signalling molecules can occur

A
  1. nearby environments

2. distant environments

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15
Q

State what signalling is a mode of

A

Mode of transmission

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16
Q

Describe autocrine signalling

A

Signalling molecules act on the actual/same type of cell that secreted them

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17
Q

Describe paracrine signalling

A

Signalling molecules act on cells that are close to the secreting cell

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18
Q

Describe endocrine signalling

A

Signalling molecules act on cells that are far from the cell that secretes them

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19
Q

State the 3 modes of transmission of signalling molecules

A
  1. autocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. endocrine
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20
Q

State what signalling molecules can be classified as

A
  1. hydrophobic

2. hydrophilic

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21
Q

State the 5 groups of signalling molecules

A
  1. animal hormones
  2. plant hormones
  3. neurotransmitters
  4. cytokines
  5. pheromones
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22
Q

Describe hormones

A

Signalling molecule produced in tiny amounts that can have relatively long lasting effects on target cells

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23
Q

State what hormones help to regulate

A

Growth and activity of cells in most plants and animals

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24
Q

Describe the endocrine system

A

The animal body system that is responsible for the production of hormones

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25
State what the endocrine system is responsible for coordinating in vertebrates
Bodily functions
26
State what the endocrine system is made up of
Many glands and organs within the body
27
State what the endocrine system is made up of
Many glands and organs within the body
28
What does the endocrine system utilise for the transport of synthesised hormones?
Bloodstream
29
State the 3 major classes of animal hormones
1. Lipid hormones 2. Peptide and protein hormones 3. Amino-acid derived hormones
30
Outline the source of animal hormones
Glands and organs
31
Outline the source of plant hormones
Most plant cells
32
Outline the source of neutrotransmitters
Neurons
33
Outline the source of cytokines
Many cells (including immune system cells)
34
Outline the source of phermones
Various cells (dependent on species)
35
State the modes of transmission of animal hormones
- autocrine - paracrine - endocrine
36
State the modes of transmission of plant hormones
- various (including diffusion)
37
State the modes of transmission of neutrotransmitters
- paracrine
38
State the modes of transmission of cytokines
- autocrine - paracrine - endocrine
39
State the modes of transmission of pheromones
- diffusion in the external environment
40
Provide more detail of the transmission of animal hormones through the paracrine mode
Signal carried through interstitial fluid between cells
41
Provide more detail of the transmission of animal hormones through the endocrine mode
Signal carried through blood circulation
42
Provide more detail of the transmission of neutrotransmitters through the paracrine mode
Signal carried through exocytosis into the synaptic gap and diffusion across the gap
43
State what group of signalling molecules steroid hormones belong to
Animal hormones
44
State what group of signalling molecules peptide hormones belong to
Animal hormones
45
State what group of signalling molecules animal acid derived hormones belong to
Animal hormones
46
State the 5 major classes of plant hormones
1. abscisic acid 2. auxins 3. cytokinins 4. ethene 5. gibberellins
47
State what group of signalling molecules abscisic acid hormones belong to
Plant hormones
48
State what group of signalling molecules auxins belong to
Plant hormones
49
State what group of signalling molecules cytokinins belong to
Plant hormones
50
State what group of signalling molecules ethene belongs to
Plant hormones
51
State what group of signalling molecules gibberellins belong to
Plant hormones
52
State whether steroid hormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
53
State whether peptide hormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophilic
54
State whether amino acid derived hormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophobic or hydrophilic
55
State whether phytohormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophobic or hydrophilic
56
State whether pheromones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophobic or hydrophilic
57
State what lipid hormones are derived from
- fatty acids | - cholesterol
58
Provide 1 example of a lipid hormone
Cortisol
59
Provide 1 example of a peptide hormone
Insulin
60
Provide 1 example of a protein hormone
Growth hormone
61
Provide 1 example of an amino-acid derived hormone
Adrenaline
62
State the 2 classifications of amino-acid derived hormones
1. catecholamines | 2. thyroid hormones
63
State whether catecholamines are hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophilic
64
State whether thyroid hormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
65
State whether or not a single hormone can trigger different responses in multiple target cells at the same time
Yes. A single hormone can trigger different responses in multiple target cells at the same time.
66
State what plant hormones can be referred to as
Phytohormones
67
State the visible effects of abscisic acid hormone
Seed and bud dormancy
68
State the visible effects of auxins
- phototropism | - gravitropism
69
Describe phototropism
Shoot tips bend towards the light
70
Describe gravitropism
Roots grow downwards
71
State the visible effects of cytokinins
Growth of lateral branches
72
State the visible effects of ethene
- fruit sugar content | - fruit and leaf drop
73
State the visible effects of gibberellins
- stem elongation - leaf expansion - seed germination - fruit and flower maturation
74
Describe neutrotransmitters
Group of signalling molecules produced by neurons and used to carry a signal across synapses between cells
75
State what cellular responses neutrotransmitters are involved in
- regular hormone production - organ function - movement
76
Describe synapses
Point of communication between two cells where at least one of the cells is a neuron
77
Describe the postsynaptic neuron
A neuron to which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft by the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron
78
State 3 possible sources of cytokines
1. macrophages 2. T lymphocytes 3. B lymphocytes
79
State what pheromones influence
The behaviour and physiology of another individual (usually of the same species)
80
State why multicellular organisms produce signalling molecules
Form of intracellular communication
81
Describe cytokines
One of a group of peptides and proteins released for signalling between cells of the immune system
82
Describe pheromones
Group of signalling molecules that are excreted from the body and diffuse through the air to elicit a response from another individual
83
State what pheromones influence
The behaviour and physiology of another individual (usually of the same species)
84
State why multicellular organisms produce signalling molecules
Form of intracellular communication
85
Describe abscisic acid
A plant hormone involved in many plant develoment processes
86
Describe auxins
A plant hormone that stimulates growth.
87
Describe cytokinins
A plant growth hormone that promotes cell division/cytokinesis in plant roots and shoots
88
Describe ethene
A gaseous plant hormone involved in promoting fruit ripening
89
Describe gibberellins
A class of plant hormones that promotes stem elongation and germination
90
Describe abscission
The natural detachment of parts of a plant, typically dead leaves and ripe fruit.
91
State whether or not any molecule that causes a response by a cell is considered a signalling molecule
Yes.

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