Adaptive/specfic Immune Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
What does specificity mean?
A
Recognize a specific foreign substances
2
Q
What’s another name for non self ?
A
Foreign
3
Q
What does self mean?
A
In your own body cells
4
Q
What does foreign mean?
A
Bacteria, viruses, pollen, transplanted tissues
5
Q
What does memory mean?
A
If you recover from a specific infection, you are immune to it when exposed again
6
Q
what is Antigen?
A
Substance that stimulates and immune response
7
Q
What is specific acquired immunity mediated by?
A
Lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
8
Q
Where does T cells develop ?
A
Thymus development
9
Q
What does T cells promote?
A
Cellular immunity
10
Q
Where does B cells develop?
A
Bone marrow
11
Q
What does B cells help promote?
A
Humoral immunity
12
Q
Are my selfs, different from your self’s foreign?
A
Yes, because my cells are different from your cells
13
Q
What are the 2 big things that make specific stand out from innate?
A
Specificity & memory
14
Q
B cells originate and mature in?
A
Bone marrow
15
Q
What does B cells produce?
A
Antibody molecules that recognize & bind to antigens
16
Q
T cells originate and mature in?
A
Originate bone marrow
Mature in thymus
17
Q
Why can’t you get chicken pox again?
A
It lays dormant & goes into your memory cells
18
Q
What type of T cells receptors have and surface on?
A
TCR
Recognizes antigen on the surface of a target cell
19
Q
Which cells is mainly involved with humoral immunity?
A
B cells
20
Q
What immune system is only extracellular?or cell?
A
Humoral immune system
B cells
21
Q
Antigen is the ____
That Activates our immune system
To make a ____
A
Foreign substance
Antibody
22
Q
How many antigens do you think we will encounter in our life?
A
Whatever is more than trillion, even more after that, just a shit ton
23
Q
What are T cells subdivided into?
A
acquired immunity
24
Q
What is acquired immunity?
A
Protection that develops over a lifetime against a specific antigen, either after an infection or vaccination
25
Acquired immunity can either occur? (4)
Naturally or artificially
Actively or passively
26
What is naturally acquired active immunity?
Antigens enter the body naturally
Body induced a antibodies & specialized lymphocytes
27
What is naturally acquires passive immunity?
Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta
Or to infant via mothers milk
28
What is artificially acquired active immunity?
Antigens are introduced in vaccines
Body produces antibodies & specialized lymphocytes
29
What is artificially acquired passive immunity?
Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced after injection
30
What is active immunity ?
Your own cells
31
What is passive immunity?
Giving you a dose of antibodies
32
Is passive immunity short duration?
Yes
33
What is this example? If you get sick with measles, what type of immunity, you’ll develop? Actibe or passive?
Naturally acquired active immunity
34
What is the example of naturally acquired passive immunity?
Mother to baby
Via mothers milk or placenta
35
Antibodies Recognize antigens?
Yes
36
How long passive immunity antibodies stay in the body?
2 months
37
How long is the baby protected against antigens ? In naturally passive?
2 months
38
When do we start vaccinating childern and why?
2 months
Because they just lost passive immunity from mom
39
What are some examples of artificially acquired active ?
Vaccination!!
( fly shot, polio vaccine ! )
40
What are examples of artificially acquired passive immunity?
Manufacturing antibodies that we ingest so the body can make its own antibodies
( to prevent really bad sickness )
41
You get bitten by a snake, what do we use? What does this vaccine do?
Anti venom
Vaccine is made somewhere else to make antibodies for it
So we inject it into you so you can have those anti bodies so your body can help more with the venom of the snake
42
Is artificially acquired passive immediate protection?
Yea
43
Is artificially acquired passive immunity forever?
No
44
You haven’t kept up with your tetanus shot, you step on a rusty nail, how can I protect you immediate?
Through artificially acquired passive immunity
( pre formed antibodies enter the body )
45
You get bitten by a fox, you don’t have the rabies vaccine, what am I going to do?
Artificially acquired passive immunity
( anti bodies for the rabies virus )
46
What is the advantage and disadvantage for artificially acquired passive immunity?
Advantage - immediate
Disadvantage - not for long time
47
Does the epi pen work like adaptive immunity ?
NO!!! They are chemicals to help vasoconstriction!!!
48
Specific acquired immune system can be divided into 2 groups? What are they
Humoral immune system
Cell mediated immune system
49
What is humoral immune system cell?
B lymphocytes
50
What is humoral immune system mediated by?
Antibody
51
Is humoral immune system extracellular or intracellular
Extracellular
52
What is humoral immune system effective with?
Bacteria, bacterial toxins, circulating viruses from floating blood and fluids
53
What are cell mediated immune system, what cells?
T lymphocytes
54
What is cell mediated immune system mediated by?
Direct cell to cell interactions
55
What is cell mediated immune system? Extracellular or intracellular?
Intracellular
56
What is cell mediated immune system effective with?
Viruses, fungi, cancer cell, transplants
57
What does humoral immunity focus on? What part of the body?
Fluid part of the body ( blood, serum )
58
Summarize humoral immune system & cell mediated immune
(4)
( cell, mediated, extra or inter, focus on ?)
Humoral
- b lymphocytes
- antibody mediated
- extracellular
- focus on blood & fluid inside body
Cell mediated
- T lymphocytes
- mediated by direct cell to cell
- intracellular
- focus on viruses, cancer cells
59
What is an antigen made of?
Protein or polysaccharides or lipids
60
What is the best antigen to help make antibodies made up of?
Proteins !! Or polysaccharide
61
A pathogen contains large numbers of different antigens on its surface, examples?
Pili, cell wall, capsules, toxins
62
What is an epitope?
Antigenic determinate
( specific portion on the antigen that antibodies binds to )
63
What’s an example epitope?
( on the microbe, starts with a P )
PAMPS ( on the microbe )
64
Every antigen can bind to a specific antibody, however we use ___ for that specific binding
Epitopes
65
What are antibodies produced by? And then is secreted by?
Activated B cells
Secreted by plasma cells
66
All antibodies produced by 1 plasma cell?
Yes
67
Can this 1 plasma cell recognize only a single portion of antigen and bind that antigen ?
Yes !! Only 1!!!
68
What’s another name for antibodies?
Gamma globulins or
Immuniglobulins ( Ig)
69
Antibodies form a __ shaped molecule called?
Y shaped
Called flexible adapter
70
Are anti bodies proteins?
Yes
71
How many chains make up an antibody?
4
72
What are the 4 chains in the antibodies?
2 identical heavy chains
2 identical light chains
73
How are chains held together in antibodies?
By disulfide bonds
74
Activated B cells differentiate into ___??
Plasma cells
75
So does plasma cells secrete into the serum ?
Yes
76
Where does the antibody bind to the antigen? Where is the site of binding on the Y structure?
Antigen binding site, the heavy chain & light chain
77
What’s the most important function of an antibody?
To bind to the antigen that it was made against
78
What’s makes up the antigen binding site?
Hc and Lc
( 2 identical antigen binding sites in total )
79
What’s different between antibody? What region for binding?
Variable region for binding
80
What’s the same antigen ?
Constant region
81
How many antigens can bind to an antibody?
2
82
Are the two chains identical to each other?
Yes!!
83
Since 2 antigens can bind 1 antibodies, does it have to be the exact same antibody on both side?
Yes, 1 type
84
How many Lc constant contain?
1
85
How many Hc constant contain?
3-4
86
What are the 5 classes of antibodies?
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
87
Once our B cells are mature enough to make plasma cells we can divide these antibodies into 5 groups? Yes or no
Yes
88
What are IgG, shaped?
Monomers found as individual Y shaped molecules
89
What is the percent of IgG in antibodies?
80%
90
Where do we usually see igG ? In what response?
In secondary immune response
91
How long does igG last?
23 days
92
IgG can enter ___ and cross ___?
Enter tissues
And cross placenta
93
IgG can activate the classical complement pathway?
Yes
94
How can igG act like and enhances what?
Acts like an opsoin
Enhance phagocytosis
95
What is igG effective against?
Bacteria
Extracellular viruses
Bacterial toxins
96
Is the igG the only subunit that can cross the placenta?
Yes!! Only!!!
97
C3B and igG are what?
Opsonin
98
What does opsonin mean?
Coating the microbe to help with binding / attach in phagocytosis
99
When we encounter an antigen the first thing, it goes through our primary immune response, however what is the subunit that appears every single time after the first time in the serum?
igG
100
Lets say I want to get pregnant, but I’m worried about the rubella viruses, I can’t remember If I’m immune to rubella? The doctor will take a blood sample and look for igG in the blood. He spots a ton of them ? What does that mean?
These igG can be passed down to the fetus via the placenta
( also naturally acquired passive immunity for the baby !! )
101
If you have high IgG against a pathogen you are ____ against that pathogen?
Immune
102
However what is the 1 exception about if you have igG it means it’s bad?
HIV
103
What is IgM? Structure?
Pentamer
104
What is a pentamer? And held together by what chain?
5 individuals igM monomers held together by a J chain
105
How many antigens can pentameter hold?
10
106
What does the igM mean?and it’s the ?
Macroglubulin
( largest ig )
107
IgM is The first to what and where?
The first antibody produced in a primary immune response
108
IgM are important for what?
Diagnosis of disease
109
The first time ever you encounter the pathogen, you’ll make what?
IgM
110
How long does IgM last?
5-10 days
111
If you see the pathogen again, instead of making IgM like the first time, you’ll make?
IgG
112
My son started college, 17 year old, after a month, he had started to complain about strep throat, all labs come back negative. However he mentions he was dating, so they run a mono test ( the ebstein Barr virus ), and find a ton of IgM? What does that mean?
IgM, first time he got kissing disease
113
Where is igA mainly found in? (2)
Antibodies found in
mucous membranes & secretions
114
What type of secretions are igA found in?
Saliva, tears, breast milk
115
What is the shape of igA? And in what?
Monomer however can be found like a dimer in secretions
116
What is the percentage of igA in the serum?
10-15
117
How long does igA last in serum?
6 days
118
The dimer igA can hold how many bindings sites for antigens?
4
119
What makes up the igA dimer? And help together by?
2 individual igA monomers held together by a J chain
120
If a mother is pregnant, the baby is going to get IgG through the placenta, however if she is nursing the baby, the baby is going to get what antibody?
IgA
( via secretions, breast milk )
121
Is igA the first line of defense of specific acquired immune system?
Yes
122
What is the enzyme that pretty much degraded igA and causes an infection?
IgA procrastase
( destroys antibodies )
123
What is the percentage of igD?
0.2 in the serum
124
How long does igD last?
3 days
125
What is the function of igD?
Unknown as of today
126
Where can we find igD and help act as in?
Surface of newly matured B cells
Act like antigen receptor for B cells
127
When do we mainly make igE? (2)
Parasitic worms & allergens
128
Where are ige mainly found in? What cells?
Mast cells & basophils
129
What is the percentage of igE?
0.002% in serum
130
What helps igE bound to specific cell surface receptors? What region?
Fc region
131
The bindings of antigens to igE results in what? Immediate degranulation of what,
Immediate degranulation of mast cells & basophils
132
When the immediate degranulation of mast cells and basophils occurs, what happened? (3)
- cytoplasmic granules are release
- histamines & serotonin inside granules
- caused increase vasodilation
133
The reason why your son is allergic to nuts is because instead of generating igG response, he made ?
IgE response
134
What are the steps of humoral immunity? (5)
1. Stem cells differentiate into mature B cells, each having its own ig against a specific antigen
2. B cells encounter specific antigen
3. Some B cells make memory cells, which helps with producing plasma cells
4. Other B cells can be plasma cells
5. Plasma cells secrete antibodies into circulation, to fight against that specific antigen
135
B cells with a specific cell surface antigen receptor, antibody binds the appropriate antigen ( epitope ), which stimulates proliferation of that B cells is called?
Clonal selection
136
Most clonal selection need the help of?
Helper T cells
137
Do all B cells make antibodies?
Nope!
138
Every single time you encounter that same pathogen, the amount of what increases?
The amount of memory cells!
139
Why do we get booster vaccines?
We increase the number of memory cells
- so we can keep on making a high antibody response
140
What are the 5 ways antibodies work?
Agglutination
Complement
Opsonization
Cell mediated cytotoxicity
Neutralization
141
What’s the most important antibody mechanism?why?
Neutralization
-bind to the receptor of a pathogen
142
If it can not ____
It can not ___
If it can not infect it can not cause ____
Attach
Infect
Disease
143
Lets say you have herpes, is it only 1 B cell recognizing it ?
Yes
144
Plasma cells secrete what?
Antibodies
145
What is the one condition for memory cells to get activated?
When it sees that specific antigen
