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Microbiology Exam 3 > Viruses Part 2 > Flashcards

Viruses Part 2 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Can we grow viruses on agar plates?why?

A

No, because it needs live hosts cells
( on an agar it just nutrients )

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2
Q

What are viruses ?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

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3
Q

Where do we culture viruses?

A

Embryonated eggs

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4
Q

What is the most common way to culture viruses?

A

Live cells

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5
Q

What type of cells are the best used when trying to culture a virus ? And in what?

A

Transformed cells ( cancer cells ) in tissue culture

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6
Q

Why are transformed cells, cancer cells, the best type of cell to use when trying to culture viruses?

A

Because they don’t die

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7
Q

What’s also another name for transformed cells, that isn’t cancer cells? Why do we call that?

A

Continuous immortal cell lives
( cause they don’t die as fast, and we have every type of cancer cell in any tissue from our body )

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8
Q

What is the hardest culture to grow viruses on? Or use them on?

A

Animals

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9
Q

What was the first/ and most famous cell line that we used on tissue culture?

A

HeLa cells

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10
Q

Who was the person name associated with HeLa cells?

A

Henrietta lacks

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11
Q

How did HeLA cells help us?

A

To help develop cancer research method that tested if it was cancer or not

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12
Q

What are the 3 cultivation of viruses?

A

Bacteriophage
Plant viruses
Animal viruses

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13
Q

How does bacteriophage work in cultivation of viruses?

A

Suspension or solid media to form plaques

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14
Q

How does plant viruses work in cultivation of viruses? (2)

A

Whole plant or plant cell culture

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15
Q

How does animal viruses work for cultivation of viruses?(3)

A

Whole animal
Embryonated eggs
Animal cell culture

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16
Q

What are the 3 lines that we can use to culture animal viruses?

A

Primary cell lines
Diploid cell lines
Continuous cell lines

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17
Q

What are primary cell lines? ( how long does it last )

A

Derived from tissues by enzymes
( usually die after couple of generations )

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18
Q

What are diploid cell lines? ( how long does it last )

A

Derived from human embryos
( multiply for about 50-100 generation then die )

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19
Q

What are continuous cell lines? ( how long do they last )

A

Immoral lines derived from transformed or cancerous cells
( multiplies indefinitely & are immoral )

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20
Q

What are continuous cell lines mainly used in?

A

Propagation of viruses
( the breeding of viruses )

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21
Q

What do viral genes code for?

A

Capsid proteins and some enzymes needed for replication

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22
Q

Why does viruses need to use host cells enezymes?(3)

A

They need it for
Protein synthesis
Energy production
Ribosomes

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23
Q

Can viruses replication occur outside the cell?

A

NO!
( only replicate inside the cell )

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24
Q

What happens when the viruses invades the host cells? (2)

A

They control metabolic and replicating machinery
( pretty much makes viral proteins & nucleic acid for new viral particles )

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25
Do viruses have ribosomes?
No
26
Do viruses have some enzymes?
Yes, very little
27
Do viruses need a host to replicate?
Yes
28
What are the 3 animal virus cycles?
Lytic Lysogenic Transforming
29
What’s the difference between Lytic and lysogenic?
Lytic doesn’t go into the host chromosome & instead just uses the cell to make progeny ( babies ) then releases them out, as virons & cell dies Lysogenic goes into the host chromosome, called prophage, binary fission, has a prophage every time when divides and goes into Lytic cycle
30
What does prophage mean?
Bacteriophage into host Chromosome
31
What does progeny mean?
Viruses babies
32
What does virons mean?
Complete infectious particle
33
What is a virus that performs Lytic cycle?
Influenza
34
What is a virus that performs lysogenic cycle?
Retrovirus
35
What is transforming interaction?
Infection of the cell & changes into cancer cell
36
What is a virus that does transforming interaction?
HPV ( human papilloma virus ) & Hepatitis B
37
What is the 6 lytic viral replication cycle?
1. Attachment or absorption 2. Penetration or entry 3. Uncoating 4. Binary fission 5. Maturation or assumbly 6. Release
38
What is the 7 lysogenic viral replication of animal viruses?
1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Integrating into the cell 5. Biosynthesis 6. Maturation 7. Release
39
First it must ___ to the host Then it must ___through the cell membrane ___itself it order to release its nucleic acid for replication, to make ____ Once it’s release, we undergo ____ In which we create__&__ for our new virus Then our new ___ start to ____ Then we ___ them as virions
1. Attach 2. Penetrate 3. Uncoats (It’s capsid) 4. Proteins 5. Biosynthesis 6. New proteins & new nucleic acid 7. Progeny ( virus’s babies ) 8. Mature 9. Release
40
If a pathogen can not ____ It can not ___ If it can not infect it can not cause ___
1. Attach 2. Infect 3. Disease
41
What makes DNA & RNA viruses different in the replicative cycle ?
The biosynthesis step ( the nucleic acids are different )
42
In order for attachment to occur, what must happened?
Specific receptors just match the surface of the host cell ( lock and key )
43
Why is it only some cells that are infect with the viruses?
Because of the lock and key, must have specific receptors to infect
44
Where are these receptors of enveloped viruses?
On their envelope spikes
45
Where are these receptors on a naked virus?
Capsid
46
For influenza, what is the receptor used for attachment ?
HA - hemaagluttanin
47
If the virus can not penetrate the cell membrane will it infect?
Nope
48
Does the virus have to penetrate the cell membrane to infect?
Yes
49
What are the 2 ways of penetration?
Endocytosis Fusion of envelope
50
What is endocytosis?
Cell membrane makes a vesicle & brings the virus inside host cytoplasm
51
Can naked viruses perform endocytosis?
Yes
52
Can enveloped viruses perform endocytosis ?
Yes
53
What is fusion penetration?
Enveloped viruses fuse with cell membrane
54
Why is it only enveloped viruses that can fuse with cell membrane?
Because they are both made of phospholipids
55
Can naked viruses perform fusion with cell membrane ?
No
56
What is uncoating?
Separation of nucleic acid from the protein capsid coat
57
How does the uncoating work for the virus (2)?
Host lysosomal enzymes Or Configuration changes in capsid
58
What are viral capsid made of?
Proteins
59
What are viral enveloped made up of?
Phospholipids
60
What’s another name for capsid?
Nucleiocapsid
61
What’s is the 4th step ? Breaking of? (3)
Biosynthesis Breaking this nucloicapsid to make new proteins & new nucleic acids
62
Does the virus depend on the host cell for biosynthesis?why?
Yes because it has all the enzymes, ribosomes and stuff to make more progeny
63
Where do dna viruses replicate in biosynthesis ?
Nucleus
64
What is the expection of dna viruses that don’t replicate in the nucleus? ( name the family and virus )
Poxvirdae ( small pox )
65
What is the enzyme used for dna viruses replication in biosynthesis?
Dna dependent dna polymerase
66
Where do rna viruses replicate in biosynthesis?
Cytoplasm
67
What are the 2 expect of rna viruses that don’t replicate in the cytoplasm for biosynthesis ? ( family name and virus )
Retroviridae ( HIV ) Orthomyxoviridae ( influenza )
68
What is the enzyme used to make rna replication occur in biosynthesis?
Rna dependent rna polymerase
69
Do cells have rna dependent rna polymerase enzyme ?
No ( cells don’t make rna, they copy it from dna, transcription )
70
What is happening in maturation or assembly?(2)
Capsomers into capsid New nucleic acids & proteins to form new virions
71
What are the 2 ways that viruses can be released?
Lysing the cell Budding
72
What do naked viruses use? Budding or lysing the cell?
Lysing the cell
73
What does Lysing the cell mean?
Host cell dies
74
How many virions come out when a cell is lysis?
50-200
75
How do envelope viruses release out of a cell?
Budding
76
Where do envelope viruses get their envelopes?
Host cell membrane ( phosphophild bilayer )
77
True or false ? Envelope viruses manufacture the envelope inside the cell before they get released? ( why? )
False - because when budding they get their Envelope from host cell membrane, they don’t make it
78
What are retroviruses genome?
RNA
79
Are retroviruses lysogenic?
Yes, they integrate into the host Chromosomes
80
What makes retroviruses so speical?
They reverse transcription RNA -> DNA -> integrates
81
What is the enzyme that allows retroviruses to make rna to dna ?
Reverse transcriptase
82
If you had to name for the enzyme, reverse transcriptase, what would it be?
RNA dependent DNA polymerase
83
What are the 7 steps of retrovirus ?
1. Attachment to host 2. Penetration by fusion 3. Uncoat 4. Biosynthesis ( RNA -> DNA ) 5. Provirus are made 6. Assembly/maturation 7. Release —> budding
84
What is happening in biosynthesis of retroviruses ? (4)
Reverse transcriptase (RNA->DNA) DNA enter nucleus Dna stays in host genome ( provirus ) Makes proteins
85
What is a provirus ?
Viruses that’s part of the host Chromosome
86
What is the difference between nucleicapsid and provirus ?
Capsid that helps protect the nucleic acid in viruses Provirus is the viruses inside host chromosomes
87
How many people have been cured from HIV?
Like 2-3 people ( kinda crazy )
88
How many people have been infected with HIV ?
80 million
89
Every single time the retrovirus divides will it have the provirus in it?
Yes, every single time
90
What’s the whole purpose of a virus?
To make baby viruses ( progeny )
91
How do retro viruses people get cured? ( just some extra information )
Some people are born with a genetic mutation, in one of their receptors aren’t there, and are healthy. ( pretty much genetically resistant to hiv )
92
Who was the first person cured of hiv ?
Timothee brown
93
Do viruses become latent? And which one?
Yes, Herpesvirdiae
94
Are all herpes viruses the pro-type for latent viruses?
Yes
95
Can some viruses cause cancer in humans ? Which one? (3)
HPV ( human papilloma virus ) ( cervical cancer ) Hepatitis B ( liver cancer ) EBV ( Epstein Barr virus ) ( burkitt lymphoma )
96
What is the name for viruses that cause cancer ? ( onco what )
Oncogenic
97
Can viruses that lay latent cause disease if it isn’t activated ?
No
98
Can viruses cause disease if it becomes activated?
Yes
99
What are 2 examples of viruses that are latented, and become disease if activated?
Herpes ( cold sores & gential herpes ) Chicken pox -> shingles
100
What is HTLV & HTLV2 ? And causes?
Cancer in humans Human T cell lymphogrophic virus
101
What does onco mean?
Tumor
102
What does oncogene mean?
Tumor gene
103
What does oncogenic virus mean?
A virus that promotes tumor formation
104
Does oncogenic virus integrate into the host Chromosome?
Yes, because it causes transformation of cells ( cancer cells )
105
HIV can worsen, and go into?
AIDS
106
What does aids stand for?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Microbiology Exam 3 (12 decks)

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