Epidemiology & Pathogeneis Part 2 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What are endogenous infections ?
A
Nosocomial microorganism
- caused by opportunitisic microorganisms among patients own normal flora
2
Q
What is exogenous infections ?
A
Caused by micrograniwm that enter the patient through environment
- nosocomial
3
Q
What are the 4 chain of transmission in nosocomial infections ?
A
Hospital staff to patient
Patient to patient
Fomites to patient
Ventilation to patient
4
Q
What helps control nosocomial infections? (3)
A
Washing hands, proper handling of contaminated material , isolation
5
Q
What are emerging infections diseases?
A
Brand new microbe that emerges
6
Q
What increases the likelihood of emerging infectious diseases? (3)
A
Overuse of antibiotics
Global warming
Lack of vaccination
7
Q
Why does global warming increase emerging infectious disease?
A
It increases the survival of reservoirs and vectors
8
Q
What is the easiest way to spread a new emerging disease?
A
Travel
9
Q
What are the 4 contributing factors for emerging infectious disease?
(GR,S,A,W)
A
Genetic recombination
Evolution of new strains
Widespread use of antibiotics
Changes in weather
10
Q
What is an example of emerging infectious disease that follows genetics recombination?
A
E. coli 0157
11
Q
What is an example of emerging infectious disease that is an evolution of a new strain?
A
SARS-CoV2
12
Q
What is an example of emerging infectious disease for changes in weather?
A
Hantavirus
13
Q
What is pathogenicity? ( ability for what ?)
A
Is the ability of an organism to cause disease by overcoming host defense
14
Q
What is virulence ?
A
The degree of pathogenicity
15
Q
The degree of pathogenicity is the ?
A
Virulence of microbe
16
Q
What are the 6 establishment of disease?
( E A P, E D E )
A
Enter the organism ( portal of entry )
Adhere to tissues
Penetrate the tissues
Evade the immune system
Damage cells to establish disease
Exit the body
17
Q
Does the disease have to enter to their preferred portal of entry ?
A
Yes
18
Q
Which step in establishment of disease does attachment occur?
A
Step 2. Adhere to tissues
19
Q
In which step does it infect cells? In establishment of disease
A
Step 3. Penetrate the tissues
20
Q
Do organism need to enter to establish disease?
A
Yes, ALWAYS!
21
Q
Does each disease have its own entry?
A
Yes, all are different
22
Q
Can there be a disease that can enter more than 1 portal of entry into the body?
A
Yes
23
Q
What are the 3 main portals of entry?
( MM, S, PR )
A
Mucous membranes
Skin
Parenteral route
24
Q
What are examples of mucous membranes ? (4)
A
Respiratory
GI
Eyes
Genutoruinary tract
25
What is skin for portals of entry?
Our largest organ & outermost protective layer
26
What is parenteral route in portals of entry?
Deposition directly under the skin into the tissues
27
What are examples of parenteral route in portals of entry?
Bites, punctures, burns, injections
28
What is preferred portal of entry?
Entry that is required for establishment of diseases
29
Will HIV infect us if we were to breathe it in? Why?
No; because it isn’t it’s preferred method of entry “sex”
30
What does ID50 mean?
Infectious dose for 50% of population indication of virulence
31
What does LD50 mean?
Lethal dose of a toxin in 50% of population
32
What is adherence?
Attachment to tissue surfaces to establish infection
33
Name a few important virulence factors that promote adherence? (4)
Biofilms
Fimbriae
Capsules
Receptors
34
What is Adhesins?
Receptors on the surface of the host that helps with attachment
35
Do the adhesins have to find the right receptor to help attachment?
Yes
36
What is biofilms?
Masses of microbes that attach
37
What are examples of biofilms ?
Dental plaques
Algae on rocks
38
If a microbe enters through the respiratory tract, where would it come out? (3)
Sneezing, coughing, talking
39
What are the 4 portals of exit?
Gastrointestinal Tract
Urogenital tract
Blood
Respiratory tract
40
If it enters in our gastrointestinal tract, where is it going to come out?
Diarrhea, vomiting
41
If it enters through urogenital tract, where is it going to come out?
Urine, sexual contact
42
If it enters through blood, where is it going to come out?
Wounds, needles, insects
43
If it enters through respiratory tract, where is it going to come out?
Coughing, sneezing, speaking
44
Do most microorganisms have to penetrate tissues to cause disease ?
Yes!!!
45
What are the 2 ways where bacteria cause disease?
(VF, DA)
Virulence factors
Direct actions by bacteria
46
What are virulence factors?
Characteristics that help microorganisms cause infection
47
What are the examples of virulence factors that help the bacteria cause disease? (2 and examples )
Structural : pili
Physiological ; enzymes help to evade host defenses ; toxins
48
What are the 4 direct actions by bacteria that cause disease?
( A, C, I, T )
Adhesins
Colonization
Invasiveness
Toxins
49
What is Adhesins in direct action by bacteria to cause diseases?
Proteins that help attach to host cell
50
What is colonization in direct actions by bacteria to cause disease? ( in what )
Growth of microorganisms on epithelial cells ( skin & mucous membranes )
51
What is invasivness in direct actions by bacteria that cause disease?
Degree to where a microorganis can invade and grow in host tissue
52
What are toxins in direct actions by bacteria to cause disease?
Any substance poisonous to other organisms
53
What is the most common way that bacteria causes damage ?
Toxins
54
What are the 3 bacterial virulence factors?
( C, CW, E )
Capsules
Cell wall components
Enzymes
55
What are capsules, what do they help resist, and promote what?
Evade phagocytosis & promote attachement for a microbe
56
What are the 3 cell wall components in bacteria that are virulence factors?
Streptococcus pyogenes - protein M
Mycobacteria - mycolic acids
Neisseria gonorrheae- fimbriae
57
What’s another name for mycolic acid?
Acid fast bacteria
58
How does enzyme help virulence factors?
Breakdown and dissolve material found between cells
59
What are the 5 enzymes that help virulence factors ?
Hyaluronidase
Coagulase
IGA proteases
Streptokinase
Collagenases
60
What does hyalyronidase enzyme do? And breaks what acid?
Spreading factor ; invade in the body ; breaks hyalyronic acid
61
What Does coagulase enzyme do for virulence factors? (2, walls off what ?)
Increasing clotting ( coagulation )
&
Walls off microorganism from immune system
62
What is a bacteria that produces hyaluronidase enzyme?
Streptococci
63
What is a bacteria that produces coagulase?
Staphylococcus
64
What does IGA proteases do?
Destroy antibodies
65
What does streptokinase do?
Dissolve clots ( digests fibrin )
66
What is a bacteria that has streptokinase enzyme?
Streptococcus pyogenes
67
What are collagenases?
Break down collagen
68
What are examples of bacteria that produces collagenases?
Clostridia
69
How does hemolysis help virulence factors?
Hemolyses RBC
70
What are the 2 types of hemolysis? And what do they do & color
Alpha - partial digestion - green color
Beta - complete - clear color
71
What does leukocinds do for virulence factors, they are what type of cell, and are important for?
Destroys neutrophils
WBC for phagocytosis
72
What are examples for leukocidins bacteria?
(S, S )
Staphylococci and streptococci
73
If phagocytosis happens, will there be damage to host?
No
74
What are bacterial toxins?
Poisonous substances produced by microbes
75
What does toxins produce? Symptoms ?
Fever, shock, diarrhea
76
What is toxemia?
Presence of toxin in blood
77
What is intoxication?
Disease due to Ingestion of the toxin
78
What is exotoxins?
Produced inside bacteria and released into the surrounding medium
79
What is Endotoxin?
Lipid A portion of LPS released from cell wall of gram negative bacteria
80
What are the 2 groups of that toxins can be divided in?
Exotoxins & endotoxins
81
Exotoxins are for secretions ?
Yes
82
Where do exotoxins go and how do they get there?
Released by export Using bloodstream, they move and infect organs
83
Exotoxins are made of what?
Proteins
84
What’s another name for endotoxins ?
Lipid A
85
What are endotoxins made of?
Lipids
86
What is endotoxins mainly found in? Type of bacteria?
Gram negative
87
Are endotoxins part of the cell wall in bacteria?and what is it called ?
Yes, LPS
88
How are endotoxins released?
Cell lyses
89
What are the major effects of endotoxins ? (2)
Toxic shock
Fever
90
What does endotoxin activate ?
( clot??)
Clotting cascade
Blocking blood supply & tissue death
DIC
91
What does pyrogenic response mean?
Fever response
92
Does endotoxin cause pyrogenic response?
Yes, fever response
93
What are the steps of the endotoxins and the pyrogenic response? (6)
1. Macrophage ingests gram negative bacterium by phagocytosis
2. The bacterium is degraded & released endotoxins
3. These endotoxins induce the macrophage to produce cytokines IL-1 & TNF
4. these cytokines are released into bloodstream and travel to hypothalamus
5. The cytokines induce the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins
6. Causing fever
94
What does IL-1 mean and cause?
Interleukin 1 ( endogenous pyrogen )
Causes the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins
95
What does prostaglandins cause?
Raising of body temperature
96
What’s the main function of the hypothalamus?
Controls body temperature
97
So when IL-1 goes to the hypothalamus it produces and results in?
Produces prostaglandins & fever resulting
98
What does TNF do, cause and results in?
Vesal dilation of the blood vessels & dumping of fluid out of circulation
Blood pressure to drop and results in toxic shock
99
What are the 2 inflammatory chemicals that lipid A cause?
IL-1 and TNF
100
What is rapid decrease in blood pressure called?
Hypotension
101
What type of medications do you take to help with a fever?
IB PROF, Tylenol
102
When TNF+IL-1 activate other cells in the immune system, what does that release?
Mediators
103
What does TNF stand for?
Tumor necrosis factor
104
What are some examples of gram negative bacterium with endotoxins producers?
Proteus
Klebsiella
E. coli
Salmonella
105
Are exotoxins proteins or lipids?
Proteins
106
Can exotoxins be produced by gram positive or negative?
Both
107
Are exotoxins more lethal than endotoxins?
Yes, very
108
Do exotoxins have more acute results ?
Yes!!! More than endotoxins
109
What does the body produce that helps give immunity against exotoxins?
Anti toxins
110
What are toxoids?
They are used as vaccines and stimulates antitoxins
111
How do you destroy exotoxins?
Heat or by chemicals
112
Are exotoxins names according to the cell they attack? Give an example?
Neurotoxins
Cardiotoxins
Leukotoxins
113
What are exotoxins carried by?
Genes often carried on plasmids or bacteriophages
114
Because exotoxins are proteins, we can destroy them by?
Heat
115
Proteins give good antibodies response or lipids?
Proteins
116
Are toxoids toxic?
No
117
What is a denature exotoxin called?
Toxoids
118
exotoxins or endotoxins
Can we make toxoids?
Exotoxins
119
What’s an example of toxoids ( think of An animal ) ?
Anti venom
( against snakes, using that venom, destroy them, and make them into toxids to make vaccines )
120
Can endotoxins be destroyed by heat? Why?
No, because they are made of lipids
121
Why can we destroy exotoxins by heat?
Yes Cause they are made of proteins
122
Do toxoids cause disease?why?
No, because they are denature
123
Once a exotoxin is denature it’s called a ?
Toxoid
124
What are the 4 exotoxins ?
Diptheria
Erythrogenic
Botulinum
Tetanus
125
What is the diptheria toxin called?
Corynebacterium diptheriae
126
What does the diptheria toxin do?
Inhibits protein synthesis
127
Can diptheria kill? And destroys what?
Yes, destroys Heart and kidney cells
( resulting in heart & kidney failure, mainly cause of our death )
128
Is there a vaccine for diptheria?called?
Yes, D-TAP
129
Is the D- from D-Tap a toxoid? And how does it work?
Yes, that’s why we use this vaccine for diptheria
( toxoid helps make antibodies, these antibodies find the toxin when it’s produced and bloxk it from making any damage )
130
What is the bacteria for tetanus ?
Clostridium tetani
131
What is the first symptom of tetanus?
Lock jaw
132
What tetanus toxin inhibit?
Nerve cell impulses for muscles relaxation
133
Can we prevent tetanus ? How?
D-TAP vaccine
134
Is the T in D-TAP a toxoid?
Yes, we denature it so we can use it
135
What is the bacteria named called for botulinum?
Clostridium botulinum
136
How does botulinum toxin work? Inhibits what, and results in?
Inhibits the release of acetylcholine
- paralysis
137
What is the most potent neurotoxin ?
Botulinum
138
What is most associated with botulism?
Canned foods
139
When do symptoms for botulism show? How long?
12-46 hours
140
What are the two types of botulism?
Adult and infant
141
What is considered adult botulism? At what age?
2 years and older
142
How do you get adult botulism?
Canned foods that is improperly canned and contaminate by exotoxins
( injesting of preformed toxins )
143
What are some symptoms of botulism ?
Poor vision, difficulty in swallowing, weakness
144
What is the most potent exotoxins ?
Botulism
145
How does adult botulism occur? Do we need to ingest the preformed toxin or eat the endospores?
We need to ingest the preformed toxin
146
What is the prevention of adult botulism?
Boiling for 20mins
147
What is the treatment for adult botulism?
Trivalent antitoxin A, B, E
148
Why does boiling for 20mins canned food help prevent botulism?
Because exotoxins are made of proteins
Proteins can be denature by heat
149
What do we use botulism for?
Botox
150
How do babies get infant botulism?
Honey
151
If babies ingest the bacterium itself or the endospores, can they get sick ? But mainly?
Yes, but mainly eating the endospores
152
Unlike adults, can adults get sick from eating endospores of botulism?
No
153
Can adults get sick of injecting the pre formed toxin of botulism?
Yes
154
What are symptoms of infant botulism?
Floppy, crying, sucks poorly
155
What is the bacteria for erythrogenic toxin?
Streptococcus pyogenes
156
What does erythrogenic toxin do and cause?
Damage blood capillaries
Rash of scarlet fever
