Nonspefic/innate Immunity Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 ways to kill microbes?
A
Immune system
Disinfects & sterilization
Anti microbes drugs
2
Q
What does resistance mean?
A
Ability to prevent diseases from occurring, called immunity
3
Q
Whats another name for resistance?
A
Immunity
4
Q
What does susceptibility mean?
A
Vulnerability to disease
( lack of resistance )
5
Q
What is lack of resistance? Susceptibility or resistance?
A
Susceptibility
6
Q
What is immunity? Susceptibility or resistance?
A
Resistance
7
Q
What are the 2 ways we can divide our immune system in order to fight against pathogens?
A
Innate resistance ( non specific)
Adaptive resistance ( specific )
8
Q
What is innate resistance ( non specific )?
A
Defense mechanism against any pathogen
9
Q
What is an example of innate resistance ?
A
Skin, mucosa, inflammation, fever; phagocytes
10
Q
Is innate resistance specific to a pathogen?
A
No
11
Q
What is adaptive resistance ?
A
Defense mechanism to protect against a specific pathogen and has memory
12
Q
Which one has memory? Innate resistance or adaptive resistance?
A
Adaptive resistance
13
Q
Are innate resistance and adaptive resistance a type of defense mechanism?
A
Yes
14
Q
When does the innate resistance kick in?
A
The second we are born & develops enough to start fighting
15
Q
When does adaptive resistance kick in?
A
Born with, however starts to develop when you are exposed to microbes
16
Q
When adaptive resistance sees a microbe once, will it remember?
A
Yes
17
Q
Which one kicks in the second we are born and are Strong enough to start fighting? Innate or adaptive?
A
Innate
18
Q
Which one kicks in the second we are born but develops when are exposed to microbes? Innate or adaptive ?
A
Adaptive
19
Q
What are some examples of specific aquired immune system?
A
Cell mediated immunity CMI - t cells
Humoral immunity - B cells and Antibodies
20
Q
If you get a splinter, will it remember it? Innate or adaptive? So it will react?
A
Innate, it doesn’t remember it, it’ll react the same as if it was your first time getting a splinter
21
Q
How can we divide the innate immunity? Into what 2 groups?
A
First line and second line
22
Q
What is the first line of defense of innate immunity? (3)
A
Skin, mucous membranes, normal microbiota
23
Q
What is the second line of defense for innate immunity? (3)
A
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Fever
24
Q
So if both our first line and second line doesn’t work for innate immunity, what happened next?
A
We go to our adaptive immunity and third line of defense
25
What is our third line of defense of adaptive immunity?(2)
Specialized lymphocytes
(T cells and B cells )
- antibodies
26
What is innate immunity activated by what receptors ? And is found where?
TLR ( toll like receptors )
- proteins found on membrane defensive cells
27
Where does TLR attach to?
Pathogen associated with PAMPS
28
What are examples of PAMPS?
LPS, peptidoglycan, capsule proteins
29
In innate immunity, what does cell release that help regulate the immune response?
Chemicals
30
What is the main purpose of innate immunity?
Keep pathogens out or destroy before they enter
31
What are the physical barriers for innate defenses? And examples ?
Intact skin
- physical barrier, first line of defense
Mucous membranes
- GI and respiratory & reproductive Tracts
32
What does mucus prevent in innate defenses?
Drying
33
What are the mechanical barriers for innate defenses?
Tears
Salvia
Mucus
Flow or urine
Cilia
34
What’s another name for tears?
Lacrimal apparatus
35
When something gets into your eyes,you tear up? Is it the innate or adaptive, is it physical or mechanical ?
It’s innate
Mechanical
36
Why do we have hair in our noses? And is it innate or adaptive?
They are a filter, trap whatever is in the air and sneeze it out
Innate
37
Why is it important to pee after sex?
Helps cleanse the urethra
38
What are the chemical factors for nonspecific defenses? (6)
( S, P, L, G, V, T )
SEBUM
Perspiration
Lysozyme
Gastric juice
Vaginal secretions
Transferrin
39
What is sebum ? And does what for innate defense?
Sweating, and inhibits the growth of some bacteria
40
What does perspiration do for innate defense?
Eliminates wastes and flushes microbes
41
What does lysozyme chemical factors do for innate defenses?
Degrades the peptidoglycan layer of gram +
42
What are some examples of lysozymes?
Tears, salvia, nasal secretion
43
What is gastric juice in innate defenses? & helps how?
Stomach acid
Kill bacteria due to low ph
44
What do vagina secretions for innate defense?
Urine flow, low ph
45
What does transferrin do for innate defenses? And it’s function
Prevents bacteria from using the iron
It’s an iron binding protein in blood
46
What is your normal flora apart of? First line or second line of innate defense?
Second line
47
How does our normal flora help our innate defense?
Fight infections
48
What are the 4 second line of defense for innate?
(P, I, F, A)
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Fever
Anti microbial substance
49
How do you get to the second line of defenses?
When the first line fails to prevent against infections
50
What is the 2 anti microbial substances used in the 2nd line of defense for innate?
Interferon
Complement
51
What is phagocytes?
The engulfment of foreign substances & destroying them inside cells
52
What are the 2 cells that help phagocytoses? ( big two !)
Macrophages
Neutrophils
53
What are the 3 granulocytes for innate defenses of second line?
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
54
What percentage does neutrophils make of WBC?
60-70%
55
What does neutrophils do?
Enter tissues and protect it from infection
56
What is another name for neutrophils?
polymorphonuclear neutrophils ( PMNS )
57
Are neutrophils highly phagocytic ?
Yes
58
What is the percentage of basophils in our body?
0.5-1.0%
59
What are basophils involved with? And release of?
Allergies
Histamine
60
What is the percentage of eosinophilss?
2-4%
61
What are eosinophils involved in?
Allergies & helminth
62
Eosinophils may be phagocytic?
Yes
63
What is the percentage of monocyte in the body?
3-8 %
64
What is a macrophage?
A mature monocyte
65
What does monocyte process and how does that elicit response work ?
Antigens
A substance that can elicit an antibody response
66
What does monocyte secrete and regulate what ?
Biologically active compounds that regulate immune system
67
What are dendritic cells?
Deprived from monocytes
68
What are examples of dendritic cells?
( S, MM )
Skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes
69
Can dendritic cells be destroyed by phagocytosis?
Yes
70
What is the percentage of lymphocytes in the body?
20-25%
71
Are lymphocytes natural killer cells?
Yes
72
Why are lymphocytes natural killer cells ?
Because they kill infected and tumor cells & recognize abnormal proteins on surface
73
What lymphocytes involved in?
Specific acquired immune system
74
What are the 2 lymphocytes?
B and T
75
What does B lymphocytes do ?
Produce antibodies
76
What does T lymphocytes do?
Involved in cell mediated immunity
77
Where do lymphocytes mature in ?
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
78
Do B cells mature in the bone marrow and are very effective against intracellular pathogens?
True or false
They do mature in bone marrow
But are not effective against viruses
So
False
79
What does phagocytosis mean?
To eat any foreign matter
80
What are phagocytes?
Cells of the immune system that can ingest microbes
81
What does leukocyte mean?
White blood cell
82
What are the 5 basic types of white blood cells?
Granulocytes (3)
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
83
What does leukopenia mean?
Decrease in white blood cells ; viruses
84
What does leukocytosis ?
Increase in wbc and bacteria infection
85
Which one is Bacteria and increase in wbc? Leukocytosis or leukopenia
Leukocytosis
86
Which one decrease wbc and viruses ? Leukocytosis or leukopenia
Leukopenia
87
How does phagocytic cells occur? (3)
1. Foreign substance enter the tissues
2. Neutrophils leave circulation and enter tissues to prevent infection
3. Macrophages get there and finish the process
88
What is the first cells that reach an area of injury or infection?
Neutrophils
89
What’s are the steps for phagocytosis?
( C& A, I, PL, D, R )
1. Chemotaxis &Adherence
2. Ingestion
3. Formation of phagosome
4. Phagolysosome
5. Digestion
6. Residual body
90
What does chemotaxis mean?
Attracted phagocytes to help injury
91
What is adherence in phagocytosis?
Attachment of phagocyte to bacterium
92
What special receptors help attach the phagocyte to the bacterium?
TLR ( toll like receptors )
93
The TLR recognize specific structures on the bacterium, called?
PAMPS
94
What does PAMPS stand for?
Pathogen associated molecular pattern
95
Where are PAMPS found on?
Microbe
96
Where are TLR found on?
Phagocytes
97
What are examples of PAMPS?
Enveloped
LIPID A
Peptidoglycan
Capsid
98
What does ingestion mean?
Extension of the phagocyte plasma membrane (pseudopods) leading to engulfment of the bacterium
- within a bound vesicle called phagosome
99
What are pseudopods and which step for phagocytosis?
Extension of phagocyte plasma membrane
2. Ingestion
100
What is the membrane bound vesicle that helps start ingestion, And what step?
Phagosome
2. Ingestion
101
What is the 4th/5th step of phagocytosis? And does what?
4. Digestion
Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome
102
What does the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome make?
Phagolysosome
103
What is a lysosome?
Organelle that contain a lot of digestive enzymes
104
Once we digested it, does it the microbe die?
Yes
105
How does the microbe die in digestion? (2)
Anaerobically or aerobically
106
How does the microbe die anaerobically?
By hydrolytic or lysosome
107
How does the microbe die aerobically?
Toxic oxygen ( respiratory burst )
108
What is the 5th step in phagocytosis and what does it do?
5.Residual body
Non digestible material is discharged from the phagocyte
109
How is this waste product removed once phagocytosis is finished?
Filter by our kidneys
110
Do all bacterial get ingested easily? Why?
No, sometimes bacteria contain capsules that help prevent phagocytosis
( biofilms also evade phagocytosis )
111
Does that mean we can never engulf capsulated bacteria/material?why
No, because if we couldn’t we’d be sick 24/7
112
What is the “professional” phagocytosis ?
Macrophages
113
What is the first phagocyte that comes first in phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
114
What does opsonins help with in phagocytosis?
Proteins that help attach to the microbe
( hooks )
115
Without opsonins, what happens to the bacteria with capsules during phagocytosis?
It’ll just run away
116
What is opsonization?
Process of facilitating of phagocytosis
( in which proteins help with attachment is opsonins, in order to facilitate the microbe for phagocytosis )
117
Once we have the opsonins, we can perform opsonization and start?
Yes & start ingestions
118
What are examples of opsonins?
Anti body molecules
119
Some microbes are ingested but not killed? Which are they? (3)
( S, T, M )
Staphylococci ; secrete leukocidin
Trypanosoma; lyse phagocyte membrane
Mycobacterium, HIV ; prevention of fusion
120
Biofilms is another example of something that evade phagocytesis, but why is it?
Because phagocytes can not detach them from the surface
( since they are all smoosh together )
121
What are signs/symptoms of inflammation (4) ?
Redness, heat, pain & swelling
122
What is the best example of a inflammation?
Paper cut
123
What are microbial structures that attach to TLR and induce acute phase proteins that enhance inflammation?
LPS
flagella
DNA
124
Can inflammation occur in both nonspecific & specific responses?
Yea
125
What’s inflammation function?(3)
To destroy & remove microbes
Wall off and limit spread of microbes
Repair tissues
126
What are the steps of inflammation? (6)
( C, B, A, M, D, P )
1. Chemicals are released
2. Blood clot forms
3. Abscess starts to form
4. Margination phagocytes stick to endothelium
5. Diapedesis
6. Phagocytosis of invading bacteria occurs
127
What are the 4 main inflammatory steps ?
1. Tissue damage
2. Vasodilation of blood vessels
3. Phagocyte migration
4. Tissue repair
128
What are the chemical mediators released in the first step of inflammation?
( H, K, P, L )
Histamine, Kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
129
When increase in diameter of the blood vessel it results in?
( including signs 2 )
Blood flow at the site
( redness and heat )
130
What does mediators increase and in what?
Increase permeability
In capillaries
131
What does margination mean?
Phagocytes (mono & PMNS ) migrate to site & stick to blood vessels
132
What does diapedesis mean?
Phagocytes move between the endothelial cells of the blood vessels walls
( squeezing out )
133
What is migration into tissues mediated by?
Chemotaxins
134
PMS enter ____
Which is then followed by ____
First
By monocytes
135
In phagocytosis, dead cells + fluid = ?
Pus
136
What is a pyogenic infection?
Any infection that forms pus
137
What is blood fluid in tissues called? (2)
Edema or swelling
138
What is the final stage of inflammation?
Tissue repair
139
Is inflammation beneficial to the host ? And if so how?
It is beneficial, however it has to be controlled since it could lead to a chronic inflammation & permanent changes in the tissues
140
Can inflammation lead to chronic inflammation & permanent changes in the tissue if not controlled?
Yea
141
Does tissue repair always happen in inflammation?
No
142
Why does tissue repair not always happened in inflammation ?
It depends on the tissue it’s happening in
143
Can skin repair itself?
Yes
144
What are some examples of tissues that don’t repair itself? (4)
Brain, neurons, nerve, cardiac muscles
145
let’s say a patient is suffering from meningitis, are there going to be tissue repair? If so explain, If not, also explain? As well what are the results?
There is no tissue repair
Because they don’t have tissue cells that can repair anything
Results in permanent changes to tissues in the meninges
146
Overall is inflammation good or bad ?
Good, cause it’s helping your body to try to save itself
147
Is fever good or bad?why?
Both cause a little bit is helping our body, but a high fever is awful
148
What are 2 endotoxin that cause fever ?
IL-1 and TNF
149
Does shivering and chills raise or lower body temp?
Raise body temp
150
Does sweating or crises lower or higher body temp?
Lower body temp
151
What lymphocytes are activated in fever?
T lymphocytes
152
In a fever does IFN, help stop replication of some viruses?
Yes
153
fever may help in increasing tissue repair?
Yea
154
What does fever decrease uptake by some bacteria?
Iron
