Addictive and Substance Abuse Disorders

Question 1

What are the two substance related disorder groups?

Answer 1

Substance use disorders; substance induced disorders

Question 2

Substance use disorders range on a _______ from mild to severe

Answer 2

continuum

Question 3

A ‘Mild’ disorder requires _ or _ of the 11 criteria for substance abuse disorder; _ to _ indicate ‘moderate’; while _ or more is considered severe

Answer 3

2,3; 4,5; > 6

Question 4

Can Caffeine be considered a substance abuse disorder?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Physiological dependence is defined by ________ and withdrawal

Answer 5

tolerance

Question 6

__________: refers to the development of a set of symptoms that occur upon cessation of using the substance, especially after heavy or prolonged use of the substance

Answer 6

withdrawal

Question 7

_________ withdrawal is the only withdrawal state that can be life-threatening

Answer 7

alcohol

Question 8

_______ ____: refers to a pattern of psychoactive substance use that is responsible for clear physical or psychological harm, which may lead to disability or adverse outcomes for relationships

Answer 8

Harmful use

Question 9

Does substance use and disorders commonly occur in young or old?

Answer 9

young

Question 10

The ___________ or substance use disorders declines with age die to the fact that mortality from excessive use of substances reduces the number of people with these disorders who reach older age

Answer 10

prevalence

Question 11

A loss of _______ is one of the central characteristics underpinning substances use disorder

Answer 11

control

Question 12

The _______ model of ________ describes addiction as a medical disorder characterised by some form of brain impairment

Answer 12

disease; addiction

Question 13

Loss of control is central to what theory?

Answer 13

Disease model of addiction

Question 14

It is thought that the genetic basis of substance use disorders is largely ___-_______

Answer 14

non-specific

Question 15

What are the two major reward systems in the brain?

Answer 15

The dopaminergic reward system and the endogenous opioid system

Question 16

__________ levels increase following the administration of most drugs of dependence

Answer 16

dopamine

Question 17

Which area of the brain has the most increased dopamine levels after administration of a substance?

Answer 17

Nucleus accumbens

Question 18

According to Inhibition Dysregulation Theory, parts of the frontal region of the brain, such as the ___________ cortex and the ______ ______ cortex are thought to comprise the ‘inhibitory system’

Answer 18

orbitofrontal; anterior cingulate

Question 19

The elements involved in ______ _______ can help to explain some of the elements of substance use disorders, including withdrawal and craving

Answer 19

classical conditioning

Question 20

Why can after a long period of abstinence, a strong craving can bring on withdrawal?

Answer 20

Because of classical conditioning and the existence of a ‘cue’ for that conditioned stimulus

Question 21

_______-________ theory of addiction hypothesises that brain processes act automatically once the balance or ‘affective equilibrium’ of the brain has been disrupted

Answer 21

opponent-process

Question 22

The ________-_________ theory of addiction proposes that drugs change the areas of the brain that are responsible for the incentive to use drugs

Answer 22

incentive-sensitisation

Question 23

It is proposed that the please associated with drugs becomes less important as physical dependence develops. What theory does this come from?

Answer 23

Incentive-desensitiation theory

Question 24

What are the three personality traits needed in the Tri-dimensional personality theory?

Answer 24

Novelty seeking; harm avoidance; reward dependence

Question 25

Type __ alcohol use disorder have an earlier onset of their drinking problem, are more likely to be male and suffer more problems

Answer 25

2

Question 26

An individuals expectations of positive consequences from substance use increase his/her propensity to use the substance. This is known as what theory?

Answer 26

Outcome-Expectancy theory

Question 27

Positive _______ regarding the effects of alcohol ("it will reduce my stress") predict drinking to excess

Answer 27

expectations

Question 28

_________-_________ theory argues that individuals who are in high-risk situations will use the substance if they do not have the appropriate coping strategies, have positive expectations relating to the effects of substance use and have a low degree of self-efficacy

Answer 28

relapse-prevention

Question 29

According to PRIME, a '_____' is a mental map of what the individual intends to do in the future,

Answer 29

plan

Question 30

What are the 5 THEMES of PRIME?

Answer 30

(1) Prime (plans); (2) 'focus on the moment'; (3) neural plasticity; (4) identity and self awareness (5) unstable mind

Question 31

In the process of _____ __________, substance use is the result of influence from those in the individual's social network in the form of modelling, encouragement and/or pressure

Answer 31

peer socialisation

Question 32

What are the three drug treatments in substance abuse?

Answer 32

(1) antagonist medication blocks the reward effect of substances; (2) agonist medication is used as a substitute; (3) medication is used to reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms

Question 33

___________ _________ explores the client's ambivalent about their drug use and adopts a non-confrontational stance

Answer 33

motivational interviewing

Question 34

What are the two groups of substance related disorders?

Answer 34

Substance use; substance abuse

Question 35

__________, as defined by either of the following: EXAM 1: A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect 2: A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance

Answer 35

tolerance

Question 36

___________, as manifested by either of the following: EXAM: 1: The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for that substance 2: The substance is taken to relieve or avoid __________ symptoms

Answer 36

withdrawal

Question 37

________ ____: pattern of use leading to physiological or psychological harm

Answer 37

harmful use

Question 38

What is one of the main reasons why younger people have more prevalence towards substance abuse the older people?

Answer 38

The cohort effect, (easier availability towards substances for younger generations)

Question 39

The __________ __________ theory argues that addictions are the result of a failure of a system that inhibits reward behaviour

Answer 39

inhibition dysregulation theory

Question 40

_____________ treatment: evaluate; stabilise with medical support; treatment service linkage

Answer 40

detoxification

Question 41

What are the five stages of the trans-theoretical model

Answer 41

(1) Pre contemplation - dont even consider (2) Contemplation - consider changing (3) Preparation - actively interested in making change (4) Action - undertake attempts to change (5) Maintenance - new behaviour is maintained

Question 42

________ gambling: difficulty limiting money / time spent with adverse consequences

Answer 42

problem

Question 43

_________ gambling: severe end of problem gambling, with repeated failed attempts to quit despite severe adverse consequences

Answer 43

disordered

Question 44

_____, low income, and having a ______ ____ disorder are risks factors for gambling

Answer 44

Male; substance use

Question 45

__% of problem gamblers satisfy major depressive disorder

Answer 45

75

Question 46

__-__% of problem gamblers satisfy substance use disorder

Answer 46

30-49

Question 47

Illusion of ______; cognitive bias towards gambling

Answer 47

control

Question 48

________ fallacy: belief a series of losses precedes a win

Answer 48

gamblers

Question 49

Biased ________ - belief a win is attributable to skill

Answer 49

evaluation

Question 50

What are the two main reasons for gambling?

Answer 50

Entertainment; and to win money

Question 51

Which psychological approach was the first to question the harm in gambling?

Answer 51

The psychoanalytic in 1914

Question 52

It is common census that multiple __________, __________, and ________ factors are involved in the development of gambling disorder

Answer 52

psychological, biological, sociocultural

Question 53

In respect to gambling, ________ is involved in specific impulsive behaviours

Answer 53

serotonin

Question 54

Decreased ___________ activity has been consistently related to the personality traits of impulsivity and sensation seeking

Answer 54

serotonin

Question 55

What three NT's are thought to be related to gambling?

Answer 55

Serotonin, Dopamine, and Noradrenalin

Question 56

The majority of pathological gamblers (80-90%) have at least one _________ disorder

Answer 56

personality

Question 57

The most comorbid personality disorders with gambling disorder are the cluster _ personality disorders

Answer 57

B

Question 58

Various _________ of reinforcement associated with gambling are known to produce behaviours that are highly resistant to extinction

Answer 58

schedules

Question 59

What were the two most used cognitive distortions found in problem gamblers?

Answer 59

Illusions of control; superstitious beliefs and luck

Question 60

The __________ model postulates that as gambling opportunities increase within a community and shifts in attitudes occur, there will be greater participation rates

Answer 60

exposure

Question 61

What are the three pathways in the integrated pathways model?

Answer 61

1: Behaviourally conditioned 2: Emotionally vulnerable 3: Biologically based problem gamblers

Question 62

Pathway 1 integrated pathways model refers to '_________ ________ ________ gamblers' who are characterised by excessive gambling in the absence of any psychological disturbances that pre-dated their gambling problem

Answer 62

behaviourally conditioned problem

Question 63

Pathways 2 integrated pathways model refers to '_______ ________ ________ gamblers' who are influenced by conditioning, cognitive and social processes. However past emotional events precipitate these.

Answer 63

emotionally vulnerable problem

Question 64

Which pathway subgroup of integrated pathways model primarily gambles to escape from emotional stresses?

Answer 64

emotionally vulnerable problem gamblers (pathway 2)

Question 65

Pathway 3 of the integrated pathways model refers to '________ ________ ________ gamblers' with neurochemical dysfunctions that result in high levels of impulsivity and differential responses to reward and punishment

Answer 65

biologically based problem