Personality disorders Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
___________ is enduring and relatively stable
A
Personality
2
Q
Personality _______ are the result of inherited characteristics, learned responses or a combination of the two
A
traits
3
Q
The general criteria for a PD is an _________ _______ of inner experiences and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture
A
enduring pattern
4
Q
What are the four areas of criteria one of a PD?
A
Cognitions; Affectivity; Interpersonal functioning; impulse control
5
Q
What are the four areas of criteria one of a PD?
A
Cognitions; Affectivity; Interpersonal functioning; impulse control
6
Q
In a personality disorder the enduring pattern has to be __________ and _________ across a broad range of personal and social situations
A
inflexible; pervasive
7
Q
The enduring pattern in PD has to lead to clinically significant ______ or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
A
distress
8
Q
The enduring pattern in PD’s has to be _____ and of long duration and its onset can be traced back at least to ___________ or early adulthood
A
stable; adolescence
9
Q
The enduring pattern in PD is not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another _______ ________
A
mental disorder
10
Q
Do people under 18 years normally get diagnosed with a Personality Disorder?
A
No
11
Q
If diagnosing an individual with a PD that is under 18 years, how long must symptoms be present for?
A
1 year at least
12
Q
________ personality disorder, by definition, cannot be diagnosed at all in persons under 18
A
antisocial
13
Q
What are the two views of personality disorders?
A
Categorical & Dimensional
14
Q
The DSM represents a _________ approach to PD’s, stating that they are qualitatively distinct clinical syndromes
A
categorial
15
Q
Most theories of personality are typically _______ approaches e.g. Big Five
A
dimensional
16
Q
__________ approaches to PD are designed to differentiate syndromes according to seperate kinds, and not as problems of degree
A
categorical
17
Q
The DSM 5 identifies __ personality disorders across _ clusters
A
10; 3
18
Q
PD cluster __ is odd or eccentric
A
A
19
Q
PD cluster __ is dramatic, emotional, and erratic
A
B
20
Q
PD cluster __ is fearful or anxious
A
C
21
Q
Paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal would cluster onto cluster __
A
A
22
Q
Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic would cluster on cluster ___
A
B
23
Q
Avoidant, Dependant, Obsessive-Compulsive would cluster on cluster __
A
C
24
Q
When do PD’s normally start?
A
Childhood
25
Name an example of why their is gender bias in the diagnosing of PD's?
Antisocial personality disorder is assigned more often to male patients
26
What are the three PD's in Cluster A?
Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD
Schizotypal PD
27
Behaving in unusual ways, unusual dress code, and magical thinking are all typical in _________ personality disorder
Schizotypal
28
A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and a reduced capacity for close relationships is common in __________ personality disorder
Schizotypal
29
pervasive distrust and suspicion of others in common in _______ personality disorder
paranoid
30
_________ and __________ theorists have different opinions on the cause of paranoid personality disorder
psychoanalytic and cognitive
31
A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships (preference not paranoia) is common in _____ personality disorder
Schizoid
32
What are the four PD's in cluster B?
Antisocial PD
Borderline PD
Histrionic PD
Narcissistic PD
33
Which is the most diagnosed cluster?
Cluster B
34
Failure to comply with social norms and violations of rights of others, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful are all features of _________ personality disorder
antisocial
35
Most ________ meet the criteria for Antisocial PD, but not vice versa
psychopaths
36
APD and conduct disorder are similar, but lack of _________ is not included in CD
remorse
37
There is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since 15 years of age in _________ personality disorder
antisocial
38
Fearlessness hypothesis - fail to respond to ________ cues
danger
39
What are the three clusters in borderline personality disorder?
identity cluster ; affective cluster; impulse cluster
40
BPD: ________ cluster: feelings of emptiness, abandonment fears, unstable self-image or sense of self
identity
41
BPD: _________ cluster: inappropriate intense anger, affective instability, unstable & intense relationships
affective
42
BPD: _________ cluster: Self-harm, other impulsive behaviours
impulse
43
_________ PD accounts for 50% of those with diagnosed PD
borderline
44
What is the most empirically supported treatment for BPD?
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
45
________ _________ therapy is based on the causal model implicating a bio-social dysfunction in emotion regulation as the primary cause of BPD
Dialectical behaviour
46
DBT incorporates ____ and __________ principles
CBT; Mindfullness
47
__________ - integration of opposing elements in thought and behaviour
dialectic
48
Patterns of behaviour that are overly dramatic, sensational, and typically sexually provocative behaviour in ________ personality disorder
Histrionic
49
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. This is common in _________ personality disorder
histrionic
50
A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts is the criteria for what disorder?
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
51
What are the three PD disorders of cluster C?
Avoidant PD:
Dependant PD
Obsessive-Compulsive PD
52
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation is characteristic of __________ personality disorder
avoidant
53
A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behaviour and fears of separation are characteristic of __________ personality disorder
dependant
54
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency are characteristic of which disorder?
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality disorder
55
Personality functioning exists on a _________, with no clear or easily detectable point of division between normality and pathology
continuum
56
Dysfunctional personality ______ develop out of the same array of genetic components and life events as normal personality
traits
57
Theodore Millón identified three core and enduring characteristics that characterised disordered personality. What were they?
1: Functional inflexibility
2: Self-defeating patterns of behaviour
3: unstable functioning in the face of stress
58
Functional __________ refers to failure to adapt to changing and varied life experiences and is characterised by the tendency to rigidly apply a range of behaviours and strategies to diverse life situations
inflexibility
59
____-_________ behaviour patterns are typical ways of responding or coping that worsen the current situation or are highly damaging for the person involved
self-defeating
60
What personality disorder cluster is the most challenging to clinicians?
Cluster B
61
The three cluster A personality disorders are all typified by high levels of _________
Introversion
62
__________ personality disorder is characterised by marked discomfort with close relationships, as well as a range of perceptual and cognitive distortions and odd behaviour
schizotypal
63
What disorder typifies an individual that is very suspicious, untrusting, and hyper vigilant for signs of others trying to harm them in some way?
Paranoid personality disorder
64
Those with ________ PD exhibit a low desire for connection with other human beings and no interest or pleasure in social activities, including sex.
Schizoid
65
Individuals with ________ PD are arrogant and concern with their own power and abilities
narcissistic
66
__________ PD is characterised by a pattern of excessive attention seeking
histrionic
67
Individuals with _______ PD are marked by emotional instability and lack of a solid sense of self or identity
borderline
68
________ is not listed as a disorder in the DSM 5, but is closely related to antisocial PD
Psychopathy
69
Personality disorders typically onset at what age?
Adolescence or early adulthood
70
Which disability shows the highest level of disability and handicap amongst personality disorders?
Borderline PD
71
The MAOA gene metabolites neurotransmitters, such as __________, ____________, and ___________, which powerfully influence thoughts, feelings and behaviours
noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine
72
______ approaches to PD aetiology maintain that personality can be captured in terms of the degree to which an individual manifests certain traits and combinations of these traits
Factor
73
Which of the Big Five personality factors is not related to personality disturbance?
Openness to Experience
74
What are the four overarching factors of Lively model of personality disorders?
Emotional dysregulation; inhibitedness; compulsivity and dissocial behaviour
75
__________ ______ formulation involves drawing together theory, research and the client's experiences in order to explain the causal and maintaining factors relating to his/her problems
Cognitive case
76
______ refer to an organised collection of multidimensional information in memory that, once established, operate automatically to influence information processing and responding
schema
77
How many Schemas were identified in Youngs Schema therapy model?
18 Schemas
78
In Young's approach, the tendency for schemas to be strengthened over time is referred to as _______ _________
Schema Perpetuation
79
What therapy is the most validated in the treatment of borderline personality disorder?
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
80
What are the four areas taught in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy?
Mindfulness; distress tolerance; Interpersonal Effectiveness; and emotional regulation
81
There is evidence to suggest that ________ personality disorder represents a milder form of schizophrenia
schizotypal
82
Robust research findings confirm a strong association between antisocial personality disorder and the personality trait of __________
Impulsivity
83
The ________ marker hypothesis proposes a mechanism by which emotional processes can guide decision making
Somatic
84
It is proposed in the _______ marker hypothesis that individuals form associations between emotions and behaviour during their experience of the environment
somatic
85
Somatic markers are stored in the __________ prefrontal cortex
ventromedial
86
The disturbance of the ________ marker system leads to an ___________ to potentially negative consequences due to the problems in accessing knowledge of associations between emotions and behaviour
somatic; insensitivity
87
The _________ inhibition mechanism model assumes that a violence inhibition mechanism is activated whenever distress cues are present to inhibit aggressive anger
Violence
88
Blair has suggested that ___________ lack a functional violence inhibition mechanism, due to dysfunctions in the amygdala
Psychopaths
89
Individuals with __________ personality disorder often have poor ________, and may reject the diagnosis or deny their symptoms.
antisocial; insight
90
Is there a predominant treatment for antisocial personality disorder?
No there is not an effective approach at all
91
The genetic vulnerability for borderline personality disorder includes the trait dimension of _______
neuroticism
92
Of the various forms of childhood trauma, the occurrence of ________ abuse is particularly linked with borderline personality disorder
sexual
93
Most individuals with borderline personality disorder have _______ attachment styles
insecure
94
Permissive caregiving influences the development of _________ narcissism, while cold and over controlled caregiving influences the development of _________ narcissism
Grandiose; vulnerable
