Additional Terms Pt. 2 Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
Papillae
A
Taste buds
2
Q
Circumvallate papillae
A
Taste buds at the back of the tongue, arranged in a v-shape
3
Q
Filiform papillae
A
Taste buds on the main part of the tongue, giving the tongue its velvety appearance
4
Q
Fungiform papillae
A
Mushroom shaped papillae on the tip of the tongue
5
Q
Sial/o
A
Salivary glands
6
Q
Odont/o
A
Teeth
7
Q
Orthodontics
A
Pertaining to the correction of dentition (teeth)
8
Q
Buccal cavity
A
Mouth
9
Q
Caries
A
Dental disease
10
Q
Gingivitis
A
Inflammation of the gums
11
Q
Malocclusion
A
Badly aligned teeth when closing mouth
12
Q
Plaque
A
Tartar on the teeth causing caries
13
Q
Stomatitis
A
Inflammation of the mouth
14
Q
Detoxification
A
When the liver breaks down drugs and poisons, ready for excretion by the kidneys
15
Q
Desaturation
A
The liver breaks down fatty acids
16
Q
Acholia
A
Absence of bile
17
Q
Cholangi/o
A
Bile/ biliary vessels
18
Q
Choledoch/o
A
Common bile duct(CBD)
19
Q
Choledocholithiasis
A
Stones in the common bile duct
20
Q
Duoden/o
A
Duodenum
21
Q
Hepatoma
A
Malignant tumour of the liver
22
Q
Gonads
A
Sex organs
23
Q
Gest/ gravida
A
Pregnancy
24
Q
Zygote
A
The fertilised egg stage of pregnancy
25
Embryo
The first eight weeks of pregnancy
26
Foetus
After eight weeks of pregnancy the organs are developing
27
Gestation
Duration of pregnancy
28
Blastocyst
Immature cell
29
What are the three parts a blastocyst splits into?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
30
Ectoderm
Forms the skin and nails, brain and nervous system
31
Mesoderm
Forms the muscles, blood, tissues and urinary system
32
Endoderm
Forms the linings and the glands
33
Chorion
Chorionic membrane, the outermost layer of the blastocyst
34
Placenta
Passes the required nutrients to the foetus and removes toxins
35
Amnion
The amniotic sac and fluid
36
Umbilical cord
Links the foetus to the placenta
37
What parts is the pregnancy split into?
First, second, third trimester (three months each)
38
Tocia
Labour
39
Dystocia
Slow / difficult labour
40
Parturition
Giving birth
41
Oligohydramnios
Scanty amniotic fluid
42
SCBU
Special Care Baby Unit
43
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
44
Phenylketonuria
Rare condition where babies cannot digest phenylalanine, present in eggs, fish, meat, milk and cheese, and a special diet is therefore required. If not detected it can result in brain damage from the buildup of phenylalanine in the body. Tested for with a pinprick at birth
45
When are the two ultrasounds offered during pregnancy?
Dating scan at 10-14 weeks (for due dates and normal development)
Anomaly scan at 18-22 weeks (more detailed scan which checks for normal development and birth defects such as a cleft palate or spina bifida)
46
Nuchal Translucency Test
Offered to mothers over 35 years, tests for Down's Syndrome, allowing parental decision for "amniocentesis requirement"
47
Caesarean section
Delivery of foetus through abdominal incision
48
Cephalopelvimetry
Measurement of the foetal head in relation to the mother's pelvis
49
Cordocentesis
Withdrawal of foetal blood from umbilical vein
50
Vibro-acoustics
A non-invasive test to stimulate foetal activity
51
General/simple x-ray
Uses radiation to create images of the body based on shadows; used to show chest infections, bone fractures. A contrast medium (for instance Barium) can be used to enhance the picture.
52
CXR
Chest x-ray
53
DXR
Deep X-ray therapy
54
AXR
Abdominal x-ray
55
Ba M
Barium meal/ swallow (upper parts of digestive system)
56
Ba E
Barium enema (inserted via the anus for the lower parts of the digestive system)
57
fMRI
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (uses magnetism to build pictures of the body in cross sections; clearly shows soft tissues, and a single scan can show many areas of the body)
58
CAT/CT
Computerised axial tomography/ Computerised tomography (takes pictures of the body at angles to build a 3d image, can be used to diagnose tumours, and can be used in combination with contrast mediums which are injected to show blood vessels)
59
USS
Ultrasound scan (sound waves at high frequency create images of organs and structures)
60
PET
Positron emission therapy (using radioisotopes this scan is used to investigate metabolic physiological processes, helpful for diagnosing cancer, also beneficial in investigating strokes and epilepsy)
61
DEXA
Dual energy X-ray (scan for bone density)
62
Fluoroscopy
Uses light on a phosphor screen to observe movement of internal parts
63
Echocardiogram
Using sound waves to record the heart
64
What are the four sections of Pathology?
Microbiology, Haematology, Biochemistry, Histopathology/Cytology
65
Pathogenic Micro-organisms
Pertaining to the formation of disease carrying organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye
66
The 4 types of pathogenic micro-organism
Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa
67
Bacteria/ bacteriology
A single cell or non-cellular organism lacking in chlorophyll
68
Virus/ virology
This replicates itself only within the living cells of the host
69
Fungi/ mycology
These could be yeasts or moulds, distinct from green plants
70
Protozoa/ protozoology
A single cell organism that can only divide within a host organisation
71
C + S
Culture and sensitivity; growing micro-organisms in the laboratory and testing them for sensitivity to antibiotics
72
Hb
Haemoglobin
73
FBC
Full blood count
74
RBC
Red blood count
75
MCV
Mean corpuscular volume
76
PCV
Packed cell volume
77
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
78
WBC/ WBC & diff
White blood cell count/ white blood cell count and differential
79
Haemopoeisis
Blood formation. Occurs in red bone marrow. Made up of leucocytes, erythrocytes, platelets (which slow blood loss by releasing clotting properties), thrombocytes (clotting cells)
80
Platelets
Cells that slow blood loss by releasing clotting properties
81
Plasma
Clear, yellowish fluid that carries the contents of the blood around the body
82
Coagulation
When platelets become sticky and join together to form fibres
83
Reticulocytes
Immature red blood cells made in the bone marrow
84
Erythroblasts
Immature red blood cells containing a nucleus
85
Polymorphonuclear cells/ phagocytes
Have a nucleus with several lobes and cytoplasm containing granules
86
Lymphocytes
White blood cells occurring especially in the lymphatic system. Contain granulocytes.
87
Neutrophils
Granular cells that eat up intruders (neutro= neutral, phil= cell type with an affinity for)
88
Eosinophils/ basophils
The other two types of granular cell. These respectively have an affinity for red acid dye and alkaline
89
Arteries
Expand to accommodate extra blood
90
Arterioles
Dilate and constrict
91
Anticoagulation
Reduce's the body's ability to form clots in the blood
92
Capillaries
Microscopic vessels
93
Inferior vena cava
One of the main veins
94
Superior vena cava
One of the main veins
95
Venules
Collect blood from capillaries and drain it into veins
96
Antigen
Identity marker in the blood
97
Agglutinogen
Antigen in surface of red blood cell
98
Rh agglutinogen
Named after the rhesus monkey
99
Blood group A
Contains agglutinogen A
100
Blood group B
Contains agglutinogen B
101
Blood group O
No agglutinogen
102
Rhesus positive Rh+
Contains Rh agglutinogen
103
Rhesus negative Rh-
Lacks Rh agglutinogen
104
Anaemia
Condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced
105
Pernicious anaemia
Low numbers of erythrocytes
106
Nutritional anaemia
Insufficient amounts of iron or B12
107
Haemolytic anaemia
Red blood cells are broken down more rapidly than normal
108
Sickle cell anaemia
Abnormality in haemoglobin causing red blood cells forming into a sickle shape
109
Biochemistry
Study of chemical substances
110
Chemotherapy
Use of chemical agents to treat disease
111
Histopathology
Study of tissue disease (live biopsies are taken, which is live tissue being removed and examined)
112
Cytology
Study of cells. Cells are studied from fluids, e.g. MSU (Midstream specimen of urine), sputum or pleural fluid, these are examined for cancers and precancerous changes e.g. WCC
113
Polycythaemia
Abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells
114
Leukaemia
Acute or chronic uncontrolled production of leucocytes- malignant
115
Cyanosis
Decrease in % of haemoglobin resulting in a blue tinge to lips and nails
116
Septicaemia
Blood poisoning- sepsis of the blood
117
Thrombocytopaenia
Very low platelet count causing a tendency to bleed from capillaries
Paenia= deficiency
118
Venesection
Withdrawal of blood from a vein- the term phlebotomy is also used
119
BS
Blood sugar test
120
BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen test
121
CPK
Creatinine kinase- could indicate myocardial infarction
122
FBS
Fasting blood sugar test
123
GI
Glycaemic index test
124
GTT
Gluten tolerance test
125
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate (kidney disease test)
126
HbA1c
Glucose bound to haemoglobin (diabetes test)
127
HDL
High density lipoproteins
128
INR
International normalised ratio (clotting time)
129
LFTs
Liver function tests
130
Ig
Immunoglobin
131
LDL
Low density lipoproteins
132
pH
Potential of hydrogen (acid/alkaline balance)
133
PBI
Protein bound iodine
134
TFTs
Thyroid function tests
135
U&Es
Urea and electrolytes test
136
T4
Thyroxine test
137
AFP
Alpha-fetoprotein
138
C&S
Culture and sensitivity
139
CVS
Chorionic villus sampling
140
EMU
Early morning urine
141
MSU
Midstream specimen of urine
142
O&S
Organism and sensitivity
143
O2
Oxygen
144
CO2
Carbon dioxide
145
Ca
Calcium
146
Fe
Iron
147
K
Potassium
148
Mg
Magnesium
149
Na
Sodium
150
P
Phosphorus
151
Urinalysis
Analysis of the solutes that make up 4-6% of urine (the rest is water)
152
Urea
Urine contaminated with bacteria- co2 is converted to ammonia and creates strong smell
153
Urochrome
Colour of the urine. Will be darker if there is jaundice of the liver, as this excretes bile into the urine
154
Urea
Ammonia combined with CO2 (found in urine)
155
Creatinine
Normal alkaline constituent of blood (found in urine)
156
Uric Acid
Product of broken-down acids, common component of kidney stones (calculi) (found in urine)
157
Ketones
Normally found in very small amounts, but can be high concentrations in cases of diabetes or starvation (found in urine)
158
Albumin, when found in urine, indicates:
Increased blood pressure, injury or disease to permeating membranes
159
Glucose, when found in the urine, indicates:
Stress or diabetes mellitus
160
Erythrocytes, when found in the urine, indicate:
A pathological condition, acute inflammation or disease (also tumours, trauma or kidney disease)
161
Leucocytes or pus, when found in urine, indicate:
Infection in the kidneys or other urinary organs
162
Bilirubin, when found in the urine, indicates:
Parts splitting off from destroyed red blood cells
163
Urobilinogen, when found in urine, indicates:
Traces are normal, but excess shows potential anaemia, congestive heart failure, jaundice, cirrhosis or obstruction
164
Microbes (usually candida albicans), when found in urine, indicate:
A parasitic fungus that affects the mouth, skin, intestines or vagina (candida albicans)
165
Nitrates, when found in the urine, indicate:
Infection
166
Blood, when found in the urine, indicates:
Kidney or bladder disease
167
Contrast medium
A substance which is swallowed or administered in a percutaneous manner to enhance a scan or X-ray
168
ili/o-
Ilium/ flank: uppermost and largest part of the hip bone
169
ile/o
Ileum: the final part of the small intestine
170
Aniso-
Unequal/ dissimilar
171
-tome
Cutting instrument (e.g. Myringotome, instrument used to cut into the eardrum)
172
Parenteral
Originating or administered in another part of the body than the mouth or alimentary canal
173
Microcytic anaemia
Small red blood cells with a low MCV
174
What is the function of electrolytes in the body?
Provide a small electrical charge required for some bodily functions
