Adrenal Gland

Question 1

adrenal gland produces 3 classes of steroid hormones

Answer 1

1. mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
2. glucocorticoids - cortisol
3. adrenal androgens

Question 2

adrenal gland produces 2 catecholamine hormones

Answer 2

1. epinephrine

2. norepinephrine

Question 3

adrenal medulla is composed of 2 organs

Answer 3

1. cortex

2. medulla

Question 4

cortex is the

Answer 4

outer layer

Question 5

cortex is derived from the

Answer 5

mesoderm

Question 6

the cortex produces

Answer 6

cholesterol derived steroid hormones

Question 7

the medulla is the

Answer 7

inner later

Question 8

the medulla is derived from the

Answer 8

neural crest

Question 9

the medulla produces the

Answer 9

catecholamine hormones

Question 10

secretion of cortisol is exclusively under the control of the

Answer 10

pituitary ACTH

Question 11

production of ACTH is under

Answer 11

hypothalamic control

Question 12

ACTH exerts its action on adrenal cortex by activating

Answer 12

adenylate cyclase

Question 13

4 specific action of ACTH on the adrenal cortex - 1. stimulation of the rate-liming step catalyzed by

Answer 13

the side-chain cleavage enzyme

Question 14

4 specific action of ACTH on the adrenal cortex - 2. Stimulation of ___ and the other enzymes required fro corticosteroid synthesis

Answer 14

11 - beta- hydroxylase

Question 15

4 specific action of ACTH on the adrenal cortex - 3. stimulation of ____ uptake from the plasma

Answer 15

cholesterol

Question 16

4 specific action of ACTH on the adrenal cortex - 4. Stimulation of cholesterol ester hydrolysis

Answer 16

generates free cholesterol

Question 17

glucocorticoids positively or negatively affect their own synthesis?

Answer 17

negatively by suppressing ACTH production

Question 18

Glucocorticoid affect on carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 18

increase blood glucose levels

Question 19

glucocorticoid affect on protein metabolism

Answer 19

inhibit protein synthesis + increase protein breakdown

Question 20

glucocorticoid effect on lipid metabolism

Answer 20

increase lipolysis in peripheral adipose beds

Question 21

glucocorticoid effect on inflammation and the immune system

Answer 21

complex

Question 22

a vast majority of cortisol is metabolized in the

Answer 22

liver

Question 23

the primary action of aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) is to

Answer 23

increase blood pressure

Question 24

the rate limiting step of catecholamines is

Answer 24

tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 25

catecholamines are metabolized by two things

Answer 25

COMT, MAO

Question 26

Factors that stimulate the release of catecholamines

Answer 26

flight/fight
anxiety
pain
trauma
hypertension
anoxia
hypoglycemia
exercise
extreme temperature

Question 27

catecholamine affect on cardiovascular/circulatory system

Answer 27

increase rate and force of cardiac contraction

Question 28

catecholamine affect on the nervous system

Answer 28

increased alertness

increased nerve activity

Question 29

catecholamine affect on metabolism

Answer 29

increase blood glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, metabolic rate

Question 30

catecholamine affect on digestive system

Answer 30

decreases GI motility + secretion

Question 31

cushion’s syndrome is caused by

Answer 31

excess glucoriticoid

Question 32

symptoms of cushion’s syndrome include

Answer 32

• Truncal adiposity – abdomen, neck, facies
• Hypertension
• Loss of subcutaneous adipose
• Reduced bone density
• Muscle weakness
• Hyperglycemia

Question 33

pheochromocytoma is a

Answer 33

tumor of the adrenal medulla

Question 34

what is pheochromocytoma associated with

Answer 34

severe hypertension

Question 35

additions disease is caused by

Answer 35

deficiency of glucocorticoids, its an autoimmune disease

Question 36

symptoms of addison’

Answer 36

• Skin hyperpigmentation
• Hypoglycemia -Due to lack of glucocorticoid
• Hypotension -Absence of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid
• Hyperkalemia -Lack of aldosterone

Question 37

what is increased in circulation in addison’s disease?

Answer 37

ACTH

Question 38

what do you use to manage addison’s?

Answer 38

hormone therapy