Adult Nutrition

Question 1

adulthood is ages ___ to ____

• early adulthood is ______
• Midlife is ____
• Time between midlife and later adulthood is called __________ and is _____ years old
• later adulthood is _____

Answer 1

20-64

20’s and 30’s
40’s
50’s (sandwich generation- multigenerational caregivers)
60’s

Question 2

Nutrition & exercise are among the main lifestyle factors that reduce risk of the onset & severity of 5 of the 10 leading causes of death in adulthood, which include ____________.

• ______ is a risk factor for all these diseases

Answer 2

cancers
heart disease
chronic liver disease
diabetes mellitus
stroke

• obesity

Question 3

system that looks at chronic disease risk is called _____

Answer 3

BRFSS
- behavioral risk factor surveillance system

Question 4

example prevalence data for adults:

overweight or obesity
obesity
no leisure time activity
median daily vegetable intake
median daily fruit intake

Answer 4

overweight or obesity - 65%
obesity - 30%
no leisure time activity - 22.7%
median daily vegetable intake - 1.4
median daily fruit intake - 1

Question 5

Some groups have a genetic disposition for certain diseases
- However, genetics, environment, & lifestyle behaviors often interact to determine the actual development of the disease
- Elimination of ____________ has become a priority within Healthy People objectives

Answer 5

health disparity

Question 6

FOR WOMEN
- Growth stops by the _______
- Bone density continues to increase until ~ age ____
- Muscular strength peaks around _____ years of age
- Dexterity & flexibility _______
- Sensory ability begins to ______

Answer 6

20’s
30
25-30
decline
decline

Question 7

FOR MEN
- after age ____, gradual decline in _______ levels and ___________

Answer 7

30
testosterone
muscle mass

Question 8

Bone loss begins around age _____
- Osteoporosis risk dependent on ________

Answer 8

40
peak bone mass

Question 9

Adiposity
- Positive energy balance resulting in increase in weight and adiposity
- ____________ occurs before visceral and ectopic fat

Answer 9

Hypertrophy

Question 10

_____________ shifts and adapts with age, diet, geographic location, stress, supplements, and medications

Answer 10

Gut microbiome

Question 11

Changes=> “______________”
- occur at the ________ level and are initially unnoticed
- progress over a long period and are reversible up to a point
- with continued poor nutrition=> permanent damage occurs

Answer 11

nutritional injury
cellular

Question 12

Metabolic rate & caloric expenditure begin to decline in early adulthood at a rate of _____% for men and_____% for women per decade

• Reductions due to decline in physical activity and lean body mass

Answer 12

2.9%
2.0%

Question 13

• Physical working capacity declines _____% per decade
• Declines in energy expenditure and physical capacity are accelerated with musculoskeletal disease, obesity, and other conditions

Answer 13

5-10%

Question 14

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
- Equations incorporate ___________
- Developed using _____________ studies

Answer 14

age
wt
ht
gender
level of physical activity

doubly labeled water (DLW)

Question 15

DRI % for…

Carbohydrate?
Fat?
Protein?

Answer 15

Carbohydrate is 45-65%
Fat is 20-35%
Protein is 10-35%

Question 16

Fiber DRI vs. actual average intake

Answer 16

DRI
- 38 g/day males
- 25 g/day females

Intake
18.9 g/d for males
15.7 g/d for females

Question 17

Sodium recommendations vs average intake

Answer 17

UL : 2300 mg

Actual
4107 mg/d males
3007 mg/d females

Question 18

Vitamin A DRI vs. actual intake

Answer 18

DRI
- 900 mcg/d males
- 700 mcg/d females

Actual
- 663 mcg/d males
- 598 mcg/d females

Question 19

Vitamin E DRI vs actual intake

Answer 19

DRI
15 mg/d

Average intake:
- 10.0 mg/d males
- 8.5 mg/d females

Question 20

Vitamin D DRI vs actual intake

Answer 20

DRI:
15 mcg/d

Average intake:
5.1 mcg/d males
4.3 mcg/d females

Question 21

Calcium DRI vs actual intake

Answer 21

DRI:
1000 mg/d (1200 mg/d for females 51-70 yrs)

Average intake:
1062 mg/d males
845 mg/d females

Question 22

Iron DRI vs actual intake

Answer 22

DRI:
8 mg/d males
18 mg/d females

Average intake:
16.1 mg/d males
12.1 mg/d females

Question 23

Magnesium DRI vs actual intake

Answer 23

DRI:
420 mg/d males
320 mg/d females

Average intake:
345mg/d males
272mg/d females

Question 24

Potassium DRI vs actual intake

Answer 24

DRI:
4700 mg/d

Average intake:
2967mg/d males
2323mg/d females

Question 25

Adults consume an average of _____ kcal/d from beverages - Regular soda, energy & sports drinks, alcohol, milk, fruit juice, fruit drinks, coffee drinks - Provide less satiety; and therefore, may not be compensated for with adjustments in food intake - Except for milk and 100% fruit or vegetable juice, beverages contribute little to essential nutrient needs

Answer 25

400 kcal/day

Question 26

Total Water AI for Adults: - Men: ____ liters (____ oz) - Women: ____ liters (____ oz) Beverages contribute ___% and food ___%

Answer 26

Men - 3.7 L or 125 oz Women - 2.7 L or 91 oz 80% 20%

Question 27

While high doses of caffeine do have a short-term ______ effect, the DRI committee concluded caffeine-containing beverages _____ contribute to the total daily water intake

Answer 27

diuretic DO

Question 28

Choose water as primary beverage - Consume fewer or smaller portions of beverages containing fats and added sugar - Plan beverage intake as part of total ______ intake - Make beverage choices that fit into _________ groups

Answer 28

caloric dairy, fruit, & vegetable

Question 29

___________ lowers the risk of several chronic diseases - CVD - HTN - Type 2 DM - Cancer of the bladder, breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, lung, & stomach - Dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease)

Answer 29

Regular Physical activity

Question 30

Regular physical activity leads to reduced ____ mass and increased _____ - Even without ___________, aerobic physical activity can result in decreases in total and abdominal adiposity - Result in beneficial changes in circulating ______ levels and __________ biomarkers

Answer 30

fat LBM caloric restriction insulin inflammatory

Question 31

~_____% of U.S. adults drink alcohol - Highest rate is among those ages _______ High consumption increases the risk for many diseases No more than ___ drinks/d for men No more than ___ drink/d for women

Answer 31

61% 25-44 yrs 2 1

Question 32

_____ million adults (_____% of adults) have alcohol use disorder (AUD) ____ million men (____% of adult men) ____ million women (____% of adult women)

Answer 32

15.1 6.2% 9.8 8.4% 5.3 4.2%

Question 33

~_______ people die from alcohol-related causes annually (e.g. driving fatalities, alcohol-related diseases) _____ leading cause of preventable death in U.S.

Answer 33

88,000 3rd

Question 34

Alcohol abuse includes Increased risk of malnutrition due to: - Displacement of nutrient-dense foods with alcohol - Reduced intake due to __________ - Financial deficits - Medical and psychological disorders related to alcohol abuse - Malabsorption of nutrients due to GI complications

Answer 34

hangover symptoms

Question 35

what is the amount of serving in oz for regular beer light beer distilled spirits (gin, whiskey, run, vodka) Red wine Dry white wine Sherry

Answer 35

12 oz 12 oz 1.5 oz 5 oz 5 oz 2 oz

Question 36

what is the amount of alcohol in grams of a serving of regular beer light beer distilled spirits (gin, whiskey, run, vodka) Red wine Dry white wine Sherry

Answer 36

13 12 15 15 14 9

Question 37

what is the amount of calories for a serving of... regular beer light beer distilled spirits (gin, whiskey, run, vodka) Red wine Dry white wine Sherry

Answer 37

153 100 90 125 107 80

Question 38

__________ - Deficiency due to poor food intake, decreased GI absorption, decreased conversion to active form, & increased need Can result in=>

Answer 38

Thiamin

Question 39

__________ - Deficiency due to poor intake, increased urinary losses, malabsorption, increased hepatic degradation Can result in=>

Answer 39

Folate

Question 40

micronutrient deficiencies result in... - Decreased absorption and altered metabolism of water soluble vitamins=> vitamin _____ - Decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins due to pancreatic insufficiency, decreased bile production from cirrhosis - ______ deficiency due to decreased intake, increased urinary excretion, diarrhea

Answer 40

B6 & C Mg & Zn