Toddler and Preschool Nutrition Flashcards by Sydney Perry

toddlers are ages ____

stage of development is characterized by rapid increase in ___________

they develop increased independence, exploration, and ____ skills.

1-3 years
gross and fine motor skills
language

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preschool aged children are _____ years old

characterized by increasing autonomy, broader social circumstances, increasing language skills and expanding ________ control

3-5 years old

behavior

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undernutrition during toddler and preschool years can impair _____ development and ability to explore ______

cognitive
explore

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toddler growth is an average gain of ___ oz and ____ inches in height per month

8 oz
0.4 in

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in preschoolers, average gain of ____ in weight and growth of ______ per year

4.4 lb
2.75 inches

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how to measure and weigh children under 2

without clothes or just in a dry diaper
measure recumbent length

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how to measure and weigh preschoolers

with light clothing and no shoes using a height bored

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growth charts are ____ and ___ specific

gender and age

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birth to age 2 is the ______ charts
2-20 years is the ____ charts

WHO growth charts
CDC growth charts

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types to look at of growth charts

weight for age
head circumference for age
length for age
weight for length
BMI for age

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BMI for age growth charts is predictive of body fat for children over ___ years of age. BMI increases in _____ and decreases during _______ with the lowest levels at __ to ___ years

2
infancy
preschool years
4-6

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crawl upstairs at ____

15 months

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rides a tricycle at ____

36 months

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runs stiffly at ______

18 months

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walk up stairs one foot at a time

24 months

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alternate feet going up stairs

30 months

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jumps in place

24 months

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in toddlers, social development involves _______
in toddlers, _______ are common

imitating others
temper tantrums

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in toddlers, vocabulary expands dramatically

____ words at 18 months
____ words at 2 yrs
_______ by 3 years

10-15
100+
3 word sentences

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development of feeding skills of toddlers…

bottle weening at ____
completely weaned at ____
refined pincer grasp at _____
able to use tongue to clean lips and rotary chewing at _____

9-10 months
12-14 months
12 months
18-24 months

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feeding behaviors of toddlers

usually have strong preferences and dislikes
food jags common
imitate eating behavior of others

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when feeding toddlers serve new foods how ?
also avoid battles over food or ______

with familiar food
force feeding

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toddlers experience a _____ in appetite.
toddler sized portions average _____ per year of age
avoid ____ snacks

decrease
1 tbsp
sugary

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In general, toddlers age _____ months old should drink whole milk to help provide the dietary fats they need for normal growth & brain development
◦ After age ____, children can switch to 1% reduced fat or nonfat milk

12-14 months
2 years

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Starting at age ___, ____ servings/week of fish is recommended ◦ Avoid those high in mercury=> shark, swordfish, king mackerel, marlin, orange roughy, tilefish, bigeye tuna

2 1-2 servings

preschool children experience ______ and are ______.

magical thinking egocentric (cant understand others point of view)

preschool age become more _____ and move toward more organized group play vocabulary expands to ______ and begin using ______

cooperative >2000 words complete sentences

preschool age children can use ____________ while eating now. foods should be cut into bite size pieces to avoid choking

fork, spoon, lid off cup

preschool age is a good time to involve them and teach them about food because ________

they want to be helpful and please their parents

young children often do not like their foods to be _______

mixed or touch eachother

what is temperament

the behavioral style of the child

easy temperament

will try new things and fine with schedule change

difficult temperament

not very adaptable

slow to warm up temperament

need several occurrences to be okay with it

may need ____ exposures to new foods before acceptance

8-10

Parents vs Childs responsibility during eating

Parents responsible for what when and where they eat children responsible for how much or whether they eat

forcing child to _______ should be avoided and controlling intake either thru contingencies or _____ practices should be avoided

clean their plate coercive

Energy needs DRI of 1-3 years old

girls - 992 kcal boys - 1046 kcal

EER for 1-3 years old

(89 x wt in kg – 100) + 20

age 4-8 energy requirements

girls - 1642 Boys - 1742

PA for EER equation

PA: 1 (sedentary) 1.16 (low active) 1.31 (active) 1.56 (very active)

protein needs for 1-3 yrs old protein needs for 4-8 yrs old

1.1 g/kg/d or 13 g/day 0.95 g/kg/d or 19 g/day

iron, zinc, and calcium requirements for 1-3 years

iron 7 mg/day zinc 3 mg/day calcium 700 mg/day

iron, zinc, and calcium requirements for 4-8 years

iron 10 mg/day zinc 5 mg/day calcium 1000 mg/day

____% of 1-2 year olds are iron deficient

15.9%

children aged 1-5 should drink no more than ____ of milk due to low iron content if child is at high risk they should be tested at ____ months, then ___ months later, and annually from ages ____

24 oz/day 9-12 6 2-5

AAP recommends universal screening at ____ months of age

12 months

nutrition intervention for iron deficiency anemia is

3 mg/kg/d of iron drops counseling parents on dietary sources of iron - lean meat, fish, poultry - include vit C to increase absorption of non heme iron sources repeat testing in 4 weeks

dental carries is cause by ___________ and increased risk with habitual use of _____ or consumption of ____ foods prevention?

streptococcus mutans bottle or sippy cup with juice or milk fluoride from water or supplement

constipation in children is caused by ______ prevention?

"stool holding" adequate fiber and fluid

fiber for 1-3 yrs fiber for 4-8 years

19 g/day 25 g/day

lead poisoning seen in ____ of children aged 1-5 major lead causes are ________________

0.9% airborne lead, lead chips, and dust from paint

about ___ % of children live in housing with deteriorated lead based paint and young children are at higher risk due to tendency to put things in their mouth and lead exposure can be linked to _____, _____, and _____

25% lower IQ behavioral problems decreased growth

risk factors for lead exposure

living in older homes living in poverty iron deficiency anemia (pica)

adequate _____ and ______ intake may decrease lead absorption

iron and calcium

_____ may increase lead excretion

vitamin C

children aged 2-5 2003/2004 - ____ % were overweight 2013/2014 - ____ % were overweight

13.9 9.4

BMI for age is what percentile for overweight and obese

85 - 94th %ile is overweight 95 or above %ile is obese

Obese children & children with familial hyperlipidemia can have high____-cholesterol levels

LDL

NHLBI Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet (CHILD-1) for children at risk for CVD ◦ Limit saturated fat to ___% of kcal needs ◦ Avoid ___ fats as much as possible ◦ Total fat: ___% (12-24 months) and ____% (2-10 yrs) of kcal needs ◦ Transition to ________ unflavored milk (age 12-24 months) and ______ unflavored milk (ages 2-10 yrs) ◦ Limit/avoid sugar-sweetened beverages

8-10% trans 30% 25-30% reduced fat fat-free

Few definitive studies exist on the effectiveness of ______ for adults and much less in children Advise parents of potential risks & the need to closely monitor the child if given supplements

herbal therapies

recommended foods for iron

meats fortified cereal dried beans peas

recommended food for fiber

fruits veggies whole grains

Vegetarian diet guidelines ◦ Provide ___ meals and ____ snacks per day ◦ Avoid excessive bulky foods (for example, bran) ◦ Include energy dense foods (for example, cheese) ◦ Provide an ______ fatty acid source (for example, tofu) ◦ Ensure an adequate intake of _______

3 2-3 omega-3 calcium, zinc, iron, vitamins B12, and D

Children in part-day programs (_____ hrs/d) should receive ____ meal and ____ snacks or ___meals and ___ snack Full-day programs (>___ hrs/d) should provide ____ meals and ___ snacks or ___ meal and ___ snacks Offer food at intervals not less than ___ hours & no more ____ hours Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP)

4-7 hrs/day 1 meal, 2 snacks 2 meals, 1 snack >8 hrs/day 2 meals, 2 snacks 1 meal, 3 snacks 2 hours 3 hours

Toddler and Preschool Nutrition Flashcards

(66 cards)