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Life Cycle Nutrition > Pregnancy Part 1 > Flashcards

Pregnancy Part 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

what does LM mean?

A

last menstrual period

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2
Q

what weeks are trimester 1,2, and 3 ?

A

one is 0-13
two is 14-26
three is 27-40

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3
Q

embryo versus fetus ?

A

embryo is 0-8 weeks
fetus is after 8 weeks

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4
Q

miscarriage vs stillbirth

A

miscarriage 0-20 weeks
stillbirth after 20 weeks

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5
Q

US ranks ___ out of 36 countries for infant mortality

A

33 (not good at all)

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6
Q

to improve infant mortality, it is important to decrease ______.

A

low birth weight

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7
Q

the desirable birth weight is ______ grams or ______lb. and oz.

A

3500-4500 grams
7 lb. 12.oz - 10 lb.

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8
Q

what is gestational age?

A

from date of conception
average pregnancy is 38 weeks

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9
Q

what is menstrual age

A

assessed fro first day of last period
average pregnancy is 40 weeks

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10
Q

what are the two phases of physiological changes in pregnancy

A

maternal anabolic changes
maternal catabolic changes

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11
Q

what are some maternal anabolic changes and when do they occur

A

first half of pregnancy

  1. blood volume expands
  2. buildup fat, nutrients, glycogen stores
  3. growth of some maternal organs
  4. increased appetite
  5. decreased exercise tolerance
  6. increased anabolic hormones
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12
Q

what are some maternal catabolic changes and when do they occur

A

occur in second half of pregnancy

  1. mobilization of fat/nutrient stores
  2. increase production and blood levels of glucose, TG, FA, decreased glycogen stores
  3. accelerated fasting metabolism
  4. increased appetite and food intake decline near term
    6.increase of catabolic hormones
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13
Q

during pregnancy the body water increases from ___ to ___ which is about ____ lbs. where does this fluid come from?

A

7L to 10L
15-22 lbs
intracellular, blood, and extracellular volume, and amniotic fluid

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14
Q

what is the dilution effect

A

some vitamins and minerals becoming diluted bc of increased body water

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15
Q

what is edema

A

swelling due to accumulation of extracellular fluid
not problematic in pregnancy

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16
Q

what maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus lute to produce estrogen and progesterone. also stimulates growth of the endometrium

A

hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin

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17
Q

what maintains the impact, stimulates growth of the endometrium and its secretion of nutrients, relaxes smooth muscles in the uterine blood vessels and GI tract, stimulates breast development, and promotes lipid deposition

A

progesterone

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18
Q

what increases lipid formation and storage, protein synthesis, and uterine blood flow that promotes uterine and breast duct development

A

estrogen

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19
Q

what Increases maternal insulin resistance to maintain glucose availability for fetus; promotes protein synthesis and lipolysis for energy for maternal use

A

Human chorionic somatotropin (hCS)

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20
Q

what Supports fetal growth & development by triggering metabolic changes that increase the availability glucose & amino acids

A

human placental lactogen

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21
Q

what may participate in the regulation of appetite and lipid metabolism, weight gain, and utilization of fat stores

A

leptin

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22
Q

maternal nutrition must be available for fetal growth at the times the ________ for development

A

genes are expressed

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23
Q

______ is the preferred fuel for the fetus

A

glucose

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24
Q

in first half of pregnancy, high levels of _______ stimulate insulin production, increases conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat for storage

Study These Flashcards
A

estrogen and progesterone

25
in second half of pregnancy, increased levels of _________ inhibit conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat. this increases maternal production of glucose by the liver
hCS and prolactin
26
what causes women to be slightly glucose intolerant in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?
diabetogenic effect of pregnancy
27
with fasts more than ___ hours, pregnant women have _____ fasting metabolisms to spare glucose for the fetus.
12 accelerated
28
Prolonged fetal utilization of ketones associated with ________
abnormal growth & impaired intellectual development
29
Increased _______ is needed during pregnancy for synthesis of new maternal & fetal tissues. This is conserved during pregnancy by reducing _______ excretion
protein nitrogen
30
fat stores accumulate in the ___ half of pregnancy and there is enhanced fat mobilization in the ___ half what blood lipid levels increase and what for
1st 2nd TG cholesterol for placenta and fetus
31
sodium in the body is _____ how?
increased high aldosterone secretion helps retain sodium
32
development of placenta _____ fetal development
preceeds
33
what are functions of the placenta
hormone and enzyme production nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus removal of waste from fetus barrier to some harmful compounds
34
what is the structure of the placenta
disc shaped 3-4 layers of cells separating maternal and fetal blood
35
nutrient transfer across the placenta is affected by _____.
size and charge -small with little or no charge lipid solubility -lipids more easily concentration of nutrients
36
what is transferred by passive diffusion?
Water, some amino acids, glucose, free fatty acids, ketones, vitamins E & K, sodium, chloride, gases
37
what is transferred thru facilitated diffusion?
some glucose iron vitamins A and D
38
what is transferred by active transport?
water soluble vitamins some minerals amino acids
39
what is transfeerred by endocytosis?
immunoglobulins albumin
40
nutrients are first used for _____ then _____ then lastly _____
mother placenta fetus
41
The rate of growth & development is higher during_____ than any other period of life
gestation
42
critical periods are most intense in cells multiplying during _____
1st two months (organs and tissues form)
43
_____________ is the primary stimulator of fetal growth and Levels are decreased by maternal undernutrition
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
44
reduced fetal growth causes High risk of illness and death for newborns who experience ____________
intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
45
SGA
small for gestational age
46
dSGA
disproportionately small for gestational age
47
pSGA
proportionately small for gestational age
48
AGA
appropriate for gestational age
49
LGA
large for gestational age
50
pSGA versus dSGA
pSGA - weight, length, and head circumference below 10th percentile dSGA - weight below 10th percentile but normal length and head circumference
51
what are causes of dSGA and what are the risks?
- malnutrition in 3rd trimester - short term malnutrition or low weight gain or weight loss - look thin, wrinkly, with small abdominal circumferences - hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypothermia at birth
52
pSGA cause and risks?
long term malnutrition in utero - look small but well-proportioned - reduced cells in organs and tissues - catch up growth is harder for these infants
53
LGA is classified as above the ___ percentile and a greater birthweight than ______. related to _________ increases risks of ______
90th 4500 (10lb) prepregnancy obesity excessive weight gain during pregnancy c section, postpartum hemorrhage, shoulder dystocia
54
nutrition risk factors for miscarriages
underweight prior to pregnancy high levels of oxidative stress in 1st half of pregnancy
55
infants born preterm have higher risk of ____________.
neurological problems and low IQ attention/hyperactivity disorders congenital malformations cerebral palsy death
56
risk factors for preterm deliveries
genital tract infections not enough uterine placental blood flow placental abruption high stress
57
risk factors for preterm deliveries
pre pregnancy underweight ow weight gain women who are obese chronic inflammation and oxidative stress
58
possible nutritional protective factors to try and prevent preterm delivery
prenatal MVI and folic acid supplements and adequate folate intake fish 2-3 servings a week exercise during pregnancy
59
the ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions that threaten its immediate chances of survival
developmental plasticity

Life Cycle Nutrition (21 decks)

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