- begins during the last trimester through the 1st few days postpartum - milk formation begins -lactose and protein content increases

begins at about 10 days after birth - milk composition becomes stable

Lactation Flashcards by Sydney Perry

early writing in the 1900s pointed out __________ related to bottle fed infants.

mortality charts showed a clear difference between breastfed and bottle-feed infants

infectious hazards

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in the first half of 20th century, thoughts toward the female breast was that it was ______

in the second half of the 20th century women wanted _______

meant to be a sex object and not for breastfeeding

the right to choose how they fed their infants

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percent of infants breastfed at 6 months is highest in the ______

what two states have above 70% ?

north west

hawaii and vermont

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fewer ______ infants are ever breastfed compared to asian, white, and Hispanic infants

black

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infants eligible for WIC are ____ likely to breastfeed.

less

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who is more likely to breastfeed?

younger mothers aged 20-29 or mothers who are 30 years and older

mothers who are 30 yrs or older

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what are the functional units of the mammary glands?

alveoli - rounded or oblong shaped cavity in the breast

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each alveolus is composed of ________

secretory cells with a duct in the center

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secretory cells in the mammary gland is responsible for _________

secreting milk

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myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland is responsible for __________

contracting to cause milk ejection into ducts

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During puberty, the ovaries mature and release ________________ that stimulates breast development.

usually completed within ____ months after menarche.

estrogen and progesterone
12-18 months

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lactogenesis stage 1

begins during the last trimester through the 1st few days postpartum
milk formation begins
-lactose and protein content increases

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lactogenesis II

starts 2-5 days after birth

onset of copious milk secretion (milk comes in)

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lactogenesis III

begins at about 10 days after birth

milk composition becomes stable

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what hormone promotes milk production, stimulated by suckling

where is it made

prolactin

pituitary gland

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what is responsible for ejection of milk into the milk gland

tingling of the breast

stimulated by sucking or nipple stimulation

oxytocin release

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what happens when the letdown reflex occurs?

stimulates milk release from the breast

infant suckling stimulates nerves
oxytocin release from pituitary
contraction of myoeptithelial cells
milk is released

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lactose is made in the __________

secretory cells

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water sodium potassium chloride pass through the alveolar through ________

passive diffusion

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milk fat comes from the _____ from the mother’s blood and from new _______

TG
FA produced in the breast

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__________ and other plasma proteins are captures from the mothers blood and taken into the alveolar cells and then secreted into the ducts

immunoglobin A

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human milk composition changes over ________________.

a single feeding
over a day
based on age of the infant
presence of infection in the breast
with menses
and with maternal nutrition status

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the first milk secreted during the first few days postpartum

colostrum

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colostrum concentration

higher in protein
lower in CHO and fat

PRIMARY PROTEINS
- secretory IgA
- lactoferrin

high [ ] of mononuclear cells

rlly high vitamin A

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colostrum is made in what phase of lactogenesis?

stage II

______ is the major component in human milk

water

energy of breast milk

0.65-0.70 kcal/mL (mature milk) ranges from 20.9 - 26.2 kcal/oz

breastfed infants consume _____ calories than infanta fed with formula and are usually ______

fewer thinner

feedings decrease after 1st month. at the very beginning there can be ____ feedings a day

10-12

lipids provide ____ calories in human milk fat content is higher in the ______

1/2 hindmilk

DHA is essential for _____

retinal development higher IQ

cholesterol is higher in human milk or formula ?

human milk

protein in breast mil is determined by __________

age of infant

two types of protein in human milk?

whey casein

these proteins in human milk allow it to be ________

easily digestible

whey is ______ in water includes enzymes that ______ and ________ EX:_____

soluble aid in digestion and protect against bacteria ex: lactoferrin - carries iron in a form that is easy to absorb

casein is the main protein in _____ milk digestive products help keep ____ soluble and help with its absorbtion

mature calcium

what is the dominant carb in breast milk

lactose

what does lactose do for the baby

enhances calcium absorbtion

what do oligosaccharides do for the baby from breastmilk

prevents binding of pathogenic microbes prevents diarrhea

vitamin A has about twice the concentration in _____ some is in the form of ______ hence the color

colostrum beta-carotene

vitamin D in milk depend on ______

maternal exposure to sunlight

vitamin ___ levels are related to milk's fat content the levels are adequate for infants with the exception of ______

E premies

about 5% of breastfed infants are at risk for deficiency based on vitamin ___ dependent clotting factors deficiency can cause ______

K prick in heal when they are born to inject vitamin K hemorrhage

vitamin B12 and folate are bound to _____ so they are less influenced by maternal diet low B12 in women who_____

whey proteins have hypothyroidism or latent pernicious anemia are vegans or malnourished have had gastric bypass

_____ content is related to growth rate of infant. concentration decreases over first four months, except for __________

minerals magnesium

lower mineral content is easier for the _____ to process

kidneys

exclusively breastfed infants have very low risk of anemia despite _____

low iron content in milk

zinc is important for _____ and is _____, so it is highly available there is a rare defect in mammary gland uptake of zinc that may cause deficiency that appears as _______

human growth bound to protein diaper rash

in general trace mineral are not altered by mother's diet, except for _______

flouride

does the flavor of breastmilk change ?

yes, it changes woth changes in the mothers diet

hormonal benefits of breastfeeding

increased oxytocin stimulates uterus contractions to return to prepregnancy status

physical benefits of breastfeeding

delay in monthly ovulation may have lower risk of breast and ovarian cancer, and arthritis

psychosocial benefits of breastfeeding

increased self-confidence and bonding with infant

what is analgesic effect

reduction of infant pain from breastmilk

it was determined that of 90% of families in the united states breastfed for 6 months, _____ per year could be saved

13 billion

milk synthesis is related to

amount of time that infant nurses - if you skip feeding, supply can get messed up

milk supply with pumping or expressing milk

insufficient milk production is common among women who express milk may need 8-12 expressions a day

breast pump can be used for ____

- relieving engorgement - stimulating and increasing milk production - collecting milk for sick infant - provided milk for donation

certain pumps are covered by ________

insurance

on countertop... freshly expressed or pumped for ______ thawed from frozen for ______

4 hours 1-2 hours

In refrigerator freshly expressed or pumped for ______ thawed from frozen for ______

up to 4 days up to 1 day

freezer freshly expressed or pumped for ______ thawed from frozen for ______

6 months is best and 12 is okay never refreeze

leftover milk from a baby feeding can be used within ____

2 hours

can women breastfeed after breast reduction or augmentation surgery?

greater chance of lactation insufficiency - location and amount of tissue removed determines ability

is there an effect of breast implants

silicone concentration of breast milk is not elevated

what are some feeding cues?

- rooting, turning the head - increasing alertness, rapid eye movement - flexing of arms and legs - hand to mouth - sucking on fist or finger - mouthing motions of lips and tongue

gag reflex

prevents infant from taking food and fluid into lungs

oral search reflex

infant opens mouth wide when close to breast and thrusts tongue forward

rooting

turning the head, especially with searching movements of the mouth and subtle body movements

women can use their _____ to shape and position the breast so the infant can easily latch

hand

types of breastfeeding holds

lay back hold football or clutch hold cross cuddle hold

how to get attatchment

nose opposit to nipple touch babys botttom lip to the breast babys lips should be out and all areoli in their mouth

how do you know if the baby had enough?

they will be relaxed when detatched

allow infant to nurse on one breast as long as they want to ensure they get ______

the hindmilk with high fat

stomach emptying occurs in ____ hours for breastfed infants. _____ feeding a day is normal for newborns

1.5 hours 8-12

normal weight for newborns is up to ____ percent in first ____ days weightloss of above ___% should indicate an evaluation of milk transfer is needed

7% 5 days 10%

malnourished infants become _____,_______,______,_____

sleepy non responsive have a weak cry few wet diapers

by day 5-7, infants should have _____ wet diapers and ____ soiled diapers

6 3-4

all children should be seen by a dentist ____ after first tooth erupts or at _____ of age

6 months 1 yr

vitamin supplements needed for breastfeeding infants

vitamin K Vitamin D (400 IU/day) beginning at 2 months old - usually a liquid dropper u use and drop into babys back of mouth

breastfeeding account for _____ calories spent in first 6 months and then ____ after that. During exclusive feeding, protein intake should be ______ by ______ then ____ later

500 kcal 400 kcal increased 21 g/day 14 g/day

fluid demands increase when breastfeedin so women should _____

drink to thirst and evaluate urine

vegan should include _______ and plant sources of ________ while breastfeeding

fortified soy products vitamin B12

what is th4e definition of colic

3 bouts of high pitched crying for more than 3 hrs/day and for more than 3 days per week for more than 3 weeks in a well nourished, otherwise healthy baby

colic usually starts after week ____ and resolves by _____

2 weeks 4 months

what MAY help colic

avoid allergen food like soy, eggs, wheat, fish

what is rooming-in

allowinf mother and infant to remain together 24 hours per day during the birth hospitalization

what is the practice of placing the infant directly on the mother or other caregiver in an effort to maximize surface to surface contact

skin to skin care

health benefits for both the mother and newborn in skin to skin

help initiate breastfeeding stabilize glucose levels maintaining infant body temperature allows baby to colonize same bacteria as mother

it is recomended not to introduce pacifer until _______ pacifiers can also reduce the risk of _____

breastfeeding is established SIDS

workplace support for breastfeeding

rigid work schedules not enough paid maternity leave lack of on site locations to pummp

Lactation Flashcards

(92 cards)