Adv Rhetoric Flashcards

Question

Anaphora Regularity and relief.

Answer 1

An important technical question when using anaphora is how regular to make the repetition. Variety can be gained by abandoning the device at the end of the year is pleased by the repetition, then pleased by the relief from it. The use of flat, rather than low here is a good small example Dickens Little Dorrit 1857. It's low gates and low wall and low roofs and low ditches and low sand hills and low ramparts and flat street had not yielded long ago to the undermining and besieging see like the fortifications children make on the seashore. The more common use of abandonment comes after a whole phrase has been repeated at the start of success of clauses or sentences. Then is dropped for the last one. Churchill, London radio broadcast 1940. "He had his plans for Poland and his plans for Norway. He had his plans for Denmark. He had his plans all worked out for the Doom of the peaceful trustful Dutch. And of course, for the Belgians Stevenson, the character of dogs 1880 for the day of an intelligent small dog is past in the manufacturer and the laborious communication of falsehood. He lies with his tail. He lies with his eye. He lies with his protesting poor. And when he rattles his dish or scratches at the door. His purpose is, other than appears.

Answer 2

The effect is a little like blowing up a balloon with the short breaths and then letting it go, the repetition of words and structure, a customs the reader to regularity and compression, and the energy of that expectation is released into the last part of the sentence when the patterns are dropped abandonment, or irregularity To be more precise is put to slightly different use in this celebrated passage of Churchill's Churchill speech in the House of Commons 1940. "We shall go on to the end, We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds. We shall fight in the fields and in the streets. We shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender." This moment in the speech is best known for the repeated words themselves. We shall fight. But notice what strength it gains from its internal variety. The parts, separated by commas vary in size, lengthening fairly steadily until the middle, then starting shorter again and then lengthening and then shortening before form of the anaphora, we shall fight comes and goes. Both, obviously, we shall defend our island. We shall never surrender, and in smaller ways in the fields and in the streets, not, we shall fight in the fields we shall fight in the streets, etc. These irregularities give the passage, a greater sense of passion of improvisation and of the spontaneous outburst than it would have if the anaphora and repeated structure were more regular. The anaphora also creates a repeated foundation onto which Churchill adds other kinds of variety movement, not only between different kinds of imagery seas and oceans, the air, the beaches, etc. but also between concrete images like those and the more abstract language at the start and end, we shall go on to the end, we shall never surrender. The passage taken as a whole, illustrates very well the power of rhetorical technique to create an utterance of great force and utility, the substance of it could have been expressed concisely unforgettably in seven or eight words. Repetition at the end. You, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil my lust shall be satisfied upon them. I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them. Churchill, London radio broadcast 1940 "Might be the or do shop or long or both, we shall seek no terms we shall tolerate no poly, we may show mercy, we shall ask for non. " Churchill's anaphora a future action, we shall we shall, we shall create a sense of resolution that underscores the substance of what he is saying. The same construction can be used passively to describe a series of things all done to the same person.

Answer 3

Dickens Bleak House 1853 "I say to you, that if you rear yourself against that you shall fall you shall be bruised, you shall be battered, you shall be fraud, you shall be smashed." The anaphora gives the language a battering quality that again matches the underlying meaning. anaphora of this guide also can create a comprehensive sound is when the speaker wishes to create a sense that all possibilities are covered, or all things but one. They always do, by itself, captures about the same literal meaning present and future. But the anaphora gives the result and exhaustive field to go with the exhaustive substance to repetition of the subject with different complements, as when applying several modifiers to the same person or thing, repeating the subject and verb gives each claim his own emphasis.

Answer 4

Emerson spiritual laws 1841 "Every man sees that he is that middle point, whereas everything may be affirmed and denied with equal reason. He is old, is young, is very wise, is altogether ignorant." The anaphora enables Emerson to independently affirm each statement and set it vividly against its contrary, the parallel nature of the claims is strengthened both by the repetition at the start, he is he is and by the omission of any conjunction at the end, a use of a send a ton, which has its own chapter later. Here is a fine case if the same construction turned to the purpose of negation. Burke letter on the proposals for peace with the regicide directory of France 1796. I certainly should read more from a wild cat in my bed chamber than from all the Lions that roar in the desert behind Algiers, but in this parallel, it is the cat that is at a distance and the lions and tigers that are in our anti chambers and our lobbies. Algiers is not near Algiers is not powerful. Algiers is not our neighbor, Algiers is not infectious.

Answer 5

Anaphora also can heighten the contrast between affirmative and negative constructions when they are mixed. Stevenson knew Arabian Nights 1882 "I shall lay the siege inform Elvira. I am angry. I am indignant. I am truculent, Li inclined, but I thank my maker, I have still a sense of fun." The regularity of the anaphora at the start creates a stronger contrast at the end, not with a negative claim but with an affirmative one that is different in tone. What has gone before The substance and the structure of the sentence both change direction. Three, repetition of the subject and verb with different objects or phrases doing similar work. Dickens Bleak House 1853. "They wanted wearing apparel, they wanted linen rags, they wanted money. They wanted calls, they wanted to, they wanted interest. They wanted autographs, they wanted flannel. They wanted whatever Mr. JOHN dice had or had not." trollop, the last chronicle of Barcelona 1867. "And now, let me tell you, we know all about the check, sums his check, we know where you got it. We know who stole it. We know how it came to the person who gave it to you. It's all very well talking. But when you're in trouble,always go to a lawyer." In both cases, repeating the subject and verb gives them a prominence they would lack if they appeared only at the start. Thus, about the same substantive impression might be created in the second passage by listing the items serially. We know where you got it, who stole it and how it came. But repeating the subject and verb leaves, we know ringing in the ears. It lays stress, not just on the things known, but on who knows them.

Answer 6

Not sermon at Alberni 1804. I cannot forgive that judge upon the bench, or that governor in the chair of state was lightly passed over such offenses. I could not forgive the public, in whose opinion the duelist finds a sanctuary. I could not forgive you, my brethren, who till this late hour have been silent while successive murders were committed. The anaphora makes each sentence a distinct pointing of the finger, the speaker points outward twice than the hand turns toward the listener. The construction is used similarly here. Dickens Great Expectations 1861. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver. I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg, I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted. In both of these last cases, the listener gets involved in the repetition of subject and verb, and perhaps isn't very struck by the objects to which they are attached until the object is changed in a surprising way nat the end of the last round, for changes in modifying language, various combinations of the elements so far considered complement may be repeated with changes just in the modifying words that follow them.

Answer 7

Dickens hard times 1854 He was goosed last night, his ghost the night before last, he was ghost today is late, they got in the way of being always ghost, and he can't stand it. The principal uses of this construction are the same as those seen under our other recent headings. It can, as in the case just shown, make a condition sound pervasive or constant. Instead, or In addition, the device can be used to set up a contrast between the early elements and an unexpected climax. Johnson in Boswell's life, 1791. So, he was doubling company doll in his closet, doll everywhere. He was done in a new way. And that made many people think him great. The first sentence uses anaphora in the same way the previous passage from Dickens did to drive home how relentlessly del the subject was, but it also prepares the ear for the pleasure of the surprise ending. Those are straightforward cases where identical statements are followed by modifiers that just changed the time or place of their occurrence. Last night, the night before last today, or in company in his closet everywhere, but the same sort of construction can be used to enlarge on a theme in more elaborate ways. Churchill speech in the House of Commons 1936 They have bought their knowledge, they have bought it here. They have bought it at our expense. But at any rate, let us be duly thankful that they now at last post acid Lincoln debate with Stephen Douglas at Oulton 1858. And when this new principle, this new proposition that no human being ever thought of three Yours ago is brought forward. I combat it as having an evil tendency, if not an evil design, I combat it as having a tendency to dehumanize the Negro, to take away from him the right of ever striving to be a man. I combat it as being one of the 1000 things constantly done in these days, to prepare the public mind, to make property and nothing but property of the Negro in all the states of this union. This time, the stem I combat it is short compared to the various elaborations attached to it

Answer 8

Repeating the stem helps prevent the action in the sentence from being lost in the long explanation of its rationale. the speaker's basic position becomes a kind of refrain, a case of this sort of anaphora from Scripture. Matthew chapter 23, verses 13 to 16. But whoa unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, for you shut up the kingdom of heaven against men, for you neither go in yourselves, neither is safai them that are entering to go in. Whoa unto you scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites. For you devour widows' houses and for a pretense make long prayer, therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation. Well unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, for ye compass, see, and land to make one proslide and when he has made, he made him to fold more the child of hell than yourselves, whoa unto you, he blind guides which say, Whosoever shall swear by the temple, it is nothing but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the temple, he is a debtor A variation on the pattern just shown uses anaphora to stay to subject repeatedly with each round join to a longer descriptive phrase afterwards.

Answer 9

Burke speech on East India Bill 1783. To whom then would I make the East India Company accountable to Parliament to be sure, from which their trust was derived to Parliament, which alone is capable of comprehending the magnitude of its object and its abuse, and alone capable of an effectual legislative remedy? Shell argument for the defense in the trial of john O'Connell 1843. How then have we become enslaved? Alas, England, that ought to have been to a sister and a friend, England, when we have protected and home we do protect England at a period when, out of 100,000 of the semen in her service 70,000 were Irish, England stole upon us like a thief in the night and robbed us of the precious gem of our liberty. She's stolen from us, that's in which not enriched her, but made us poor indeed. Bright principles of foreign policy 1858 and yet in all this, we are told that there is something to create extreme alarm and suspicion. We who have never fortified any places, we have not a greater than Sebastopol at Gibraltar, we have not an impregnable fortress at Malta, who have not spent the fortune of a nation almost in the Ionian Islands, we who are doing nothing at all darnay we are to take offense at the fortifications of Cherbourg. " In each of the last two cases, the anaphora postpones the action of the sentence while description of the subject is piled higher and higher, thus creating some suspense, what finally will be said about it. And in each case, notice the contrast between the last statement made about the subject and all the ones that came before which effectively serve to set up the contrasting climax, six, repeating descriptive language at the start, as when several things share some important quality. Dickens great expectations, I thought it had the most dismal trees in it, and the most dismal sparrows and the most dismal cats and the most dismal houses, number half a dozen or so that I had ever seen.

Answer 10

Perhaps the speaker wants instead to stress the common way in which various things are accomplished. Richard the second act for scene one, I give this heavy weight from off my head, and this unwieldy scepter from my hand, the pride of kingly sway from out my heart, with my own tears, I wash away my bomb with my own hands. give away my crown, with mine own tongue deny my sacred state with mine own breath, release all duties rights, or pomp and majesty, I do forswear O'Connell speech in the House of Commons 1830 my agitation Ireland became strong by agitation she put down her bitter enemies, by agitation has conscience been set free. By agitation Irish freedom has been purchased, and by agitation it shall be secured. Churchill speech in the House of Commons 1938. It is the most grievous consequence of what we've done, and of what we have left undone in the last five years. Five years of futile good intentions, five years of egos search for the line of least resistance, five years of uninterrupted retreat of British power, five years of neglect of our air defenses. Sometimes repeating a modifier is just a helpful way to present action and link the elements of it together. Dickens sketches by baus 1836 Three machines, three horses, three floundering, three turnings round three splashes, three gentlemen disporting themselves in the water, like so many dolphins fielding,

Answer 11

Miniatures anaphora creates a distinctly energetic effect when applied to the start of several short phrases in a row. Burke speech on American taxation 1774 There is nothing simple, nothing manly, nothing in genius, open, decisive or steady in the proceeding with regard either to the continuance or the repeal of the taxes. Notice that the anaphora establishes a pattern, nothing simple, nothing manly, which is then relaxed, nothing in genuis. Open, decisive or steady. A classic pattern we will consider in more detail below. There is a similar case from the same source. Burke speech on American taxation 1774. "It is indeed a tax of sophistry, attacks of pedantry, attacks of disputation attacks of war and rebellion, attacks for anything but benefit to the imposes or satisfaction to the subject." Burke attractively lengthens the parts as the sentence goes on. pedantry three syllables, disputation, or war and rebellion by and then the long finale, the anaphora provides a consistent anchor from which these extensions can depart.

Answer 12

Stern, Tristram Shandy 1760 "He was almost at his wit's end, talked it over with her in all moods, placed his arguments in all lights, argued the matter with her like a Christian, like a heathen, like a husband, like a father, like a patriot. Like a Man, my mother answered everything only like a woman. " This time, the phrases marked by anaphora like, are shorter than the phrases that come earlier in the sentence and the one that comes afterward. One effect of this is a kind of oscillation in the passage, as the phrases go from longer to shorter to long again, another effect is to add force to the phrases with anaphora since they attract attention, not only by the repetition at the start of them, but also because they are so short, the anaphora is likely resumed at the very end, setting the loan last instance of it, like a woman against the multiple cases that came earlier helps to support the substantive point of the passage, the comparative narrowness of the mother's reply,

Answer 13

Anaphora upon anaphora repetition at the start can serve as a stylistic motif with different words repeated in different ways that echo each other a consecutive cases, here is a simple example in which one instance of anaphora your your your is immediately followed by another show, show show. Burke speech on American taxation 1774. "They tell you, sir, that your dignity is tied to it. I know not how it happens, but this dignity of yours is a terrible encumbrance to you, for it has of late been ever at war with your interest, your equity, and every idea of your policy, show the thing you contend for to be reason, show it to be common sense, show it to be the means of attaining some useful end and then I am contend to allow it what dignity you please. A more ambitious example with four uses of anaphora in a single sentence. Stevenson pullovers at omura 1888. Ah, if I could show you this, if I could show you these men and women all the world over in every stage of history, under every abuse of error under every circumstance of failure, without hope, without help, without thanks, still obscurely fighting the last fight of virtue, still clinging in the Bravo or on the scaffold, to some rag of honor the poor jewel of their souls.

Answer 14

generate idea - Come up with content of your ideas and other ideas. Come up with many and select most useful ideas. - Audience analysis - Topic selection - Develop purpose and Thesis - Develop main points - Supporting points - Research Arrangement - Order the points so that they are clear an memorable - Basic structure - problem and solution, cause and effect, compare and contrast, sequence, main idea and details - Transitions and signpost - Structure of support and research. - Compose an outline Style - Word choice (Clear, simple, understandable) - Figures for impact - Metaphor (shining beacon in dark world)

Answer 15

Means repeating the root of a word with a different ending. One reciprocity polyp to time can be used with the active and passive forms of a verb to show how a single action may be done both by one and two, one. Repeating the root of the word ties the wording of a sentence together in a way that suggests the same reciprocity, as its substance. Matthew chapter seven verse one. Judge not, that ye be not judged. King Lear Act Three scene two By a man more sinned against than sinning pen, Some fruits of solitude, 1693. Let the people think that govern. And they will be governed. Shaw St John 1923. Our Knights are thinking only of the money they will make in ransoms, it is not kill or be killed with them, but pay or be paid.

Answer 16

As a miscellany of men. 1912. I cannot understand why all solicitors did not leave off soliciting all doctors leave off doctoring all judges leave off judging, or benevolent bankers leave off lending money at high interest and all rising politicians leave off having nothing to add to what their Right Honourable friend told the House about eight years ago. Shaw, a treatise on parents and children, 1910 In church in the House of Commons at public meetings, we solemnly listening to bores and toddlers, because from the time we could walk or speak, we have been snubbed, scolded, bullied beaten and imprisoned whenever we dared to resent being bored or twaddle that or to express our natural impatience, and derision of boars and toddlers,

Answer 17

Melville Moby Dick 1851 The prophecy was that I should be dismembered, and I, I lost this leg. I now prophesied that I will dismember my dismember Chesterton the giant 1909. But here I only remark the interesting fact that the conquered almost always conquered Sparta killed Athens with a final blow, and she was born again Sparta went away victorious, and died slowly of her own wounds.

Answer 18

As a speech in the Irish Parliament 1800 On any other occasion I should think myself justifiable in treating with silent contempt. Anything which might fall from that honorable member. But there are times when the insignificance of the accuser is lost in the magnitude of the accusation.

Answer 19

Lord Ross's telescopes. 1846. Hence, perhaps is explained and not out of any self oblivion from higher enthusiasm, a fact that often has occurred of deer, or hairs, or foxes and the pack of hounds in pursuit chaser and chased all going headlong over a precipice together. Chesterton heretics 1905. When Byron divided humanity into the boards and board. He admitted to notice that the higher qualities exist entirely in the bores the lower qualities in board, among whom he encountered himself.

Answer 20

Sometimes these constructions also express relations have superiority, or priority as when one party is subservient to another, the different endings on the words produce opposite roles for the players, the symmetry of which is stressed by the common root argument In the impeachment trial of Warren Hastings, 1788. We are all born in subjection all born equally high and low governors and governed in subjection to one great immutable pre existent law, prior to all our devices and prior to all our contrivances Drake and halleck 1850. It serves to modify the relations of human society, the relations of father and child of master and slave of the ruler and the rule bulletin with two nouns finally conserve as a neat way to refer to a possessor and the thing possessed. First Corinthians chapter one verse 19. For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise and will bring to nothing the understanding of the prudent O'Connell speech at Moloch moss 1843. I am for leaving England to the English, Scotland to the scotch, but we must have Ireland for the Irish.

Answer 21

Triple use of political term to refer to past, present and future is a classic construction for exhausting temporal possibilities, much like similar cases of the dystrophy and semplici seen earlier in the book, it creates a strong sense of a single activity pursued continuously Biron speech in the House of Lords 1812. There is no measure more repugnant to the designs and feelings of Bonaparte, then Catholic emancipation no line of conduct more propitious to his projects, and that which has been pursued is pursuing and will be pursued towards Ireland Dickens Nicholas Nickleby 1839. You're quite right sir interrupted the literary gentlemen leaning back in his chair and exercising his toothpick human intellect sir has progressed, since his time is progressing will progress. Five will live to town with modifiers as when discussing different degrees of an adjective. The simple form, and the comparative or superlative forms Dickens Bleak House 1853. The Royal afternoon is reust, and the dense fog is densest and the muddy streets are muddiest, near that leaden headed old obstruction appropriate ornament for the threshold of a leaden headed old cooperation Temple Bar pournelle speech in the House of Commons 1886. During the last five years I know sir, there have been very severe and drastic coercion built, but it will require an even severe and more drastic measure of coercion now.

Answer 22

Stevenson letter to Francis Sidwell 1873. As I got down near the beach, a poor woman, oldish, and seemingly lately at least respectable followed me and made signs. She was drenched to the skin and looked, Richard below wretchedness Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young man, 1916. This is what the blood of the innocent lamb of God shed for the redemption of sinners trampled upon by the vilest of the vile insists upon.

Answer 23

Emerson Kreutz 1841. Trust men, and they will be true to you treat them greatly, and they will show themselves great though they make an exception in your favor to all their rules of trade. Dickens. A Tale of Two Cities, 1859, a species of fervor or intoxication known without doubt, who have led some persons to brave the guillotine unnecessarily. And to die by it was not mere boastfulness, but a wild infection of the wildlife shaken public mind.

Answer 24

James, the ambassador's 1903. He had incurred the ridicule of having to have his explanation explained. Churchill speech in the House of Commons 1943. These forces will be remorselessly applied to the guilty nation and its wicked leaders who imagined their superiority of airpower would enable them to terrorize and subjugate first all Europe, and afterwards the world, there will be applied and never was there such a case of the biter bitten.

Answer 25

Churchill speech in the House of Commons 1936. The government simply cannot make up their minds, or they cannot get the prime minister to make up his mind. So they go on in strange paradox decided only to be undecided resolved to be a resolute adamant. But grift solid for fluidity or powerful to be important. The last example provides an example of abandonment applied to polyptiton. Churchill uses the device to state his first two claims, then leaves it behind for the rest the examples that don't use the rhetorical device sound better because they come after examples that do the repetition of roots decided and resolved reinforces the sense of paradox, which then continues in the remainder of the sentence, and after being hit with those two cases of Polyptiton on the air welcomes the relief that comes with adamant or drift, and solid for fluidity seven polyp to tan with modifier and.

Answer 26

In some cases, a bicycle and the structural match may be so complete that the number of syllables in each phrase is the same in the more common case the parallel clauses just use the same parts of speech in the same order. The device can produce pleasing rhythms and the parallel structures it creates may helpfully reinforce a parallel substance in the speaker's claims. We have encountered icicle run a few times already and here we also will see further examples of anaphora and other such repetitive devices familiar from earlier chapters. Repetition of structure and of words, often go well together. I see Colin, like an Abra tends to mark an utterance as stylish and or rhetorical, so like all rhetorical devices, only more so it has to be used with sensitivity to the occasion, and excessive or clumsy use of the device can create too glaring a finish and too strong a sense of calculation Brutus his funeral oration and Julius Caesar is the classic example, the speech is eloquent and makes constant use of icy colon some examples appear below, so constant that the result seems a little over polished and off putting and sets up the audience to be carried away soon afterwards by Anthony speech, which has a less studied feel Antony speech is full of Guile, and for that matter, full of rhetorical figures but they are a bit subtler one to make two claims about the same subject. A common occasion for icy colon arises when the speaker wishes to make multiple claims about the same thing for that purpose the doublet is useful to statements with parallel structure.

Answer 27

Proverbs chapter 23 verse 32. At the last invited, like a serpent instinct, like an actor. Burke letter on the proposals for peace with the regicide directory of France, 1797. They who bow to the enemy abroad, will not be of power to subdue the conspirator at home. Both of these examples, it is obvious enough how the parts of speech, line up in the first and second halves of each passage in Burke's case bow subdue enemy conspirator abroad at home, but observe also the identical rhythms. This is plainer in the line from Proverbs. Here are the matching phrases in Burke's example with their accents highlighted, who bow to the enemy abroad and subdue the conspirator at home. In each phrase the same number of unstressed syllables lies between the stressed ones, making the result a very thorough instance of icy colon, more common use of the device lines up the parts of speech but not the accents as here

Answer 28

So far all of our examples have involved doublets, the repeated structure can be extended naturally to three elements or more. The arrangement of three parallel claims about the same subject creates a little sense of symmetry, the progress of the claims may be felt to have a beginning, middle and end. Strictly speaking, these are cases of try colon, but the more precise term is fuzzy out of proportion to its utility. Johnson letter to the Earl of Chesterfield, 1755, The notice which I've been pleased to take my labor's Had it been early had been kind, but it has been delayed till I am indifferent and cannot enjoy it till I am solitary and cannot impart it till I am known, and do not want it.

Answer 29

Pinkney speech in the Maryland State Assembly 1788, That this inhuman policy was a disgrace to the colony. A dishonor to the legislature and a scandal to human nature. We need not at this enlightened period labor to prove Balfour speech at St Andrews University 1887. That's a little knowledge is a dangerous thing is a saying which is now got currency as a proverb stamped in the mint of Pope's versification of Pope who with the most imperfect knowledge of Greek translated Homer, with the most imperfect knowledge of the Elizabethan drama, edited Shakespeare, and with the most imperfect knowledge of philosophy wrote the essay on man. Burke speech on American taxation 1774. He remained fixed and determined, in principle, in measure and didn't conduct. He practiced no management, he secured no retreat. He sought no apology. Note that in this case from Burke, we have two cases of Polyptiton and indeed to triplets success of use of the device is another theme we consider in more detail later in the chapter three. I should call them to make parallel claims about different subjects. We started with cases where I say colon is used to say, various things about the same subject, because that is the most common and instinctive use of it. The device can be used in other ways as well. It is helpful for making parallel remarks about different subjects as when various people are said to be doing various things. But the relationships between the actors and their activities are parallel.

Answer 30

Burke reflections on the revolution in France, 1791 kings will be tyrants from policy. When subjects are rebels from principle. This example from Burke, like the first example he furnished near the start of this chapter is a very pure case of eisah Colin two phrases on either side of the fulcrum word when at the same grammatical structure, same number of syllables, and the same cadence, more common examples again are parallel in the first way but allow some variety in the others.

Answer 31

Notice that the parallelism is driven home here, both by the repeated structure of each part and the use of a common phrase comes after in each of them a little case. In the example from Dickens a moment ago, the anchoring phrase was ancient members were to the case from shore after that, there were no repeated words but the verbs were all different ways of describing similar sorts of activities snub three times, find faults, etc. Chesterton liked constructions in which icy colon is used to make parallel statements about different subjects. He often used it to present examples of whatever claims he made

Answer 32

Repetition of words links elements that belong together, the repetition of structure invites comparison between the different pairs of elements, this construction also works well to describe cases where the parent involved words that are mismatched rather than matched Matthew chapter 22, verse, 21, then say unto them, render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God. Shaw, a treatise on parents and children, 1910. The child is plays noisy, and ought to be noisy. Sir Isaac Newton at work is quiet and ought to be quiet.

Answer 33

speech in the House of Commons 1743. Former Minister betray the interests of his country by his pusillanimity, our present minister would sacrifice them by his criticism, our former minister was born negotiating with all the world present ministers both fighting against all the world, our former minister was for agreeing to every treaty, they'll never so dishonorable our present minister will give ear to none. Never so reasonable. Notice the multiple parallelisms, the first and second halves of each sentence are parallel to each other, and each sentence taken in its entirety, is parallel to each of the other sentences instructor as well. In some cases repeated words help along the parallelism minister, Minister within each half of each sentence, and present minister. Former Minister within each sentence of the whole passage. but other points the parallelism and antithesis are secured by the use of related, but opposite words at comparable moments in the first and second parts of a sentence negotiating fighting dishonorable reasonable. Similar sedimented disease, with a similarly layered parallelism is found in this passage from Frederick Douglas. Douglas, my bondage and my freedom, 1855. What he most dreaded that I most desired what he most loved that I most hated that which to him was a great evil to be carefully shunned was to me a great good to be diligently sought. And the argument which he's so warmly urged against my learning to read only served to inspire me with a desire, and determination to learn.

Answer 34

Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, continent and conceived The A elements new and nation are the B elements and alliterative Kiasmas. A similar phonetic Cosmos appears a few sentences later, the world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. The cosmos is little note nor long, followed by icy colon and also the kind of apostrophe that Lincoln liked best. We saw this passage earlier in the chapter on that subject, a kiasmus can be based not only on the sounds and the words but on their type or feel.

Answer 35

The A elements or lead an evil which are short Saxon words, the B elements are temptation and deliver which are longer romance words. In other words, they came into English, however indirectly from Latin rather than from Germanic sources, but you need not know anything about etymology to appreciate the chaotic effect, which is that the inner words and the outer words sound different. The transition through the long words reinforces the plea. A somewhat similar use of the device is found in this passage.

Answer 36

The A elements our new world, and old, which are related in sense and in time. The B elements are the Dublin's power and mind and rescue and liberation. We now are in a position to appreciate a new aspect of another passage from Churchill that we saw for a different purpose in the chapter on anaphora.

Answer 37

As we have seen, one rhetorical device often can be used alongside others to create distinctive effects. The chiasthmas in particular often sits well next to other figures that involve repetition rather than reversal. The combination of the two themes creates a rhetorically rich sound. Here first are instances of the cosmos adjacent to anaphora. The repetition of words at the start of consecutive phrases,

Answer 38

Much Ado About Nothing. Act Two, scene three. One woman is fair, yet I am well, another is wise, yet I am well, another virtuous, yet I am well, but till all Grace's be in one woman, one woman shall not come in my grace. Thorough Walden 1854 What shall I learn of beans or beans of me? I cherish them. I hold them early and late. I have an eye to them. And this is my day's work. Chesterton, what's wrong with the world 1910 There is no such thing as backing a winner. Free cannot be a winner when he is back. There was no such thing as fighting on the winning side, one fights to find out which is the winning side.

Answer 39

Passage starts as a case of semplici, from nothing from nothing, then the nothing is moved to the front of the last sentence a reversal of structure and abandonment of the semplici resulting in a kind of rhetorical punctuation to help complete the point. The example from Macaulay follows an identical pattern. In version of words, an Astrafee. An Astrafee, sometimes considered synonymous with hyper avataan accent on the second syllable, occurs when words appear in unexpected order. In English, an Astra fee typically means a departure from the conventional subject, verb object, word order, or movement of a modifier into an unexpected place. This device used to be strongly associated with Shakespeare. For today's student, an Astra fee is more likely to bring to mind the Yoda character in the Star Wars movies. Some applications of the device create an archaic sound, but it still has a number of powerful rhetorical uses some standard purposes of reverse word order, a, the unexpected placement of words calls attention to them. pushing a word into an especially early or late position often creates emphasis in itself, then the emphasis is still greater because the ordering mildly violates the readers expectations. B. inversion may put words in an order that creates an attractive rhythm. C inversion may compressing meaning into fewer words. D inversion sometimes causes the full meaning of a sentence to become clear only late in its progress. This bit of suspense makes the finish more climactic when it arrives. One, the object comes first. A classic form of a master feet moves the object or words doing similar work to the front of the sentence,

Answer 40

This passage from Dickens illustrates another frequent consequence of inversion. Normal English word order gives the reader early notice of what a sentence is going to mean. The subject and verb usually come near the start leaving the remainder of the sentence to convey details. The line that Dickens wrote unfolds differently. The principal subject and verb did not arrive until the last two words, a sentence of this time. One that is grammatically incomplete until the end and whose full meaning may not appear until then is called periodic sentences that make their meaning clear as they go along. And that might have been stopped at various points in their progress without grammatical objection are called loose. A loose style tends to be easier to follow Of course, because it makes fewer demands on the reader's attention. When reading a periodic sentence, you have to keep the early words in mind until their significance is finally cleared out by the last ones. Indeed, speakers of English are so used to loose sentences that they tend to be baffled when they first meet languages like German or Latin where the verb often comes at the end. How inconvenient not to know what the point of a sentence will be until it is done. But as many of the examples in this chapter show there are advantages to the delay, the suspense about what the sentence will say creates energy that may be released in emphatic, unsatisfying fashion at the finish. And especially common use of our current pattern moves a prepositional phrase to an early position.

Answer 41

Notice that after placing the preposition or phrase at the start, Boswell then inverts the subject and verb to our human friendships liable, not human friendships are liable. Here is another case of the same pair of inversions. Paine, the American crisis 1783 But in every other light, and from every other cause is war, inglorious and detestable. Finally, notice the force that can be achieved when an Astrafee of this guide is put into the service of a negative claim. Burke speech to the electors of Bristol 1774, But his unbiased opinion is mature judgment is enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you to any man or to any set of men living

Answer 42

Churchill, London radio broadcast 1940. The Association of interests between Britain and France remains the cause remains, God inescapable remains, Carlyle model prisons 1850 Stupidity intellectual and stupidity moral for the one always means the other as you will with surprise or not discover if you look at born this progeny. The Quincy the notebook of an English opium eater 1855 And then Nemesis will be at his heels with ruin perfect and sudden exclamatory uses Romeo and Juliet Act Three scene two Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave beautiful tyrant themed angelical

Answer 43

A compliment. or more precisely a subject complement is a word or phrase that describes or renames the subject of a sentence and comes after a linking verb. Generally a form of the verb to be though some commentators would expand the list. This sounds a bit complicated, but usually is simple in practice. In the sentence, the man is happy. The word happy is a compliment. a nasty defeat can be used to reverse that order and give more prominence to the modifier Holmes letter to Harold lasky I'm happy the man who can take books literally like a soaking rain and not inquire too curiously for the amount of fertilizer they contain. The linking verb is implied. Happy is the man. Holmes dust combines an atrophy with ellipsis or the omission of words a device we will consider in a later chapter.

Answer 44

Matthew chapter five, verses three through five. Bless it other poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Bless it are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Chesterton, heretics 1905. Someone called Omar the sad, glad old Persian, sad he is glad he is not in any sense of the word whatever. fielding Tom Jones 1749 true it is that philosophy makes us wiser but Christianity makes us better men. Lincoln speech in New Haven 1860 certain it is that they do not see it as we see it.

Answer 45

We have seen the force that an Astrafee can add to denials or other negative claims in general, we also should not omit these other old fashioned constructions that are useful for expressing negatives of more particular kinds.

Answer 46

Paine, the American crisis 1783 Say not when mischief is done that you had not warning and remember that we do not begin it but mean to repay it. Carlyle, the French Revolution 1837 They manage him level muskets at him, he is not they hold up Pharaohs bloody head to him with grave stern air he bows to it, and yields not to Quincy style 1841. Then again, another delusion by which all parties disguise the truth is the absurd belief that not being read at present. A book May, however, be revived hereafter, believe it not Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter 1850. Yet Fear not for him, Think not that I shall interfere with Heaven's own method of retribution, or to my own loss betray him to the gripe of human law.

Answer 47

Dickens, David Copperfield 1848 My opinion of the coal trade on that river is that it may require talent, but that it certainly requires capital talent. Mr. macabre has capital Mr. macabre has not Melville Moby Dick 1851 what the white whale was to Ahab has been hinted what at times, he was to me, as yet remains unsaid. Madison, federalist 1788. How far the sacrifices necessary has been shown how far the UN's sacrificed residue will be endangered is the question before us. Lincoln's second inaugural address 1865 Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Lincoln speech at Cooper Institute 1860. But all the guarantees those fathers gave it be not grudgingly but fully and fairly maintained. For this, Republicans contend and with this, so far as i know or believe they will be content, constructions with more and less Pain, the American crisis 1783 More than that we ought not to look for and less than that heaven has not yet suffered us to want. Churchill London radio broadcast 1941 We shall give a very good account of ourselves more than that it would be boastful to say less than that it would be foolish to believe.

Answer 48

Universal and universally are the B elements. A little use of polypteton, the A elements are thin and successful. If those latter words seem to unalike to form the outer parts of a Kiasmas, perhaps they are, then consider it a mere case of Anna discloses using extra conjunctions

Answer 49

A passage from the Book of Genesis (1:24–25) exemplifies the stately effect of polysyndeton: And God said, "Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind." And it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind and cattle after their kind, and everything that creeps upon the earth to its kind. And God saw that it was good.[3] Author Ernest Hemingway employs the conjunction "and" to convey "a flow and continuity of experience" in a passage from his short story "After the Storm": "I said, 'Who killed him?' and he said 'I don't know who killed him, but he's dead all right,' and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights or windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was right only she was full of water."[4] The poet John Keats used conjunctions in a verse from "Endymion": And soon it lightly dipped, and rose, and sank, And dipped again...[5]

Answer 50

English poetry is rich with examples of assonance: That solitude which suits abstruser musings — Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "Frost at Midnight" on a proud round cloud in white high night — E. E. Cummings His tender heir might bear his memory — William Shakespeare, "Sonnet 1" It also occurs in prose: Soft language issued from their spitless lips as they swished in low circles round and round the field, winding hither and thither through the weeds. — James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man The Willow-Wren was twittering his thin little song, hidden himself in the dark selvedge of the river bank. — Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows Hip hop relies on assonance: Some vodka that'll jumpstart my heart quicker than a shock when I get shocked at the hospital by the doctor when I'm not cooperating when I'm rocking the table when he's operating... — Eminem, "Without Me"

Answer 51

Chiasmus balances words or phrases with similar, though not identical, meanings: But O, what damned minutes tells he o'er Who dotes, yet doubts; suspects, yet strongly loves. — Shakespeare, Othello 3.3 "Dotes" and "strongly loves" share the same meaning and bracket, as do "doubts" and "suspects". Additional examples of chiasmus: By day the frolic, and the dance by night. — Samuel Johnson, The Vanity of Human Wishes (1794)[3] Despised, if ugly; if she's fair, betrayed. — Mary Leapor, "Essay on Woman" (1751)[4] For comparison, the following are considered antimetabole, in which the reversal in structure involves the same words: Pleasure's a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure. — Lord Byron, in Don Juan, (1824)[5] Both chiasmus and antimetabole can be used to reinforce antithesis.[6] In chiasmus, the clauses display inverted parallelism. Chiasmus was particularly popular in the literature of the ancient world, including Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Ancient K'iche' Maya,[7] where it was used to articulate the balance of order within the text. Many long and complex chiasmi have been found in Shakespeare[8] and the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible.[9] It is also found throughout the Quran[10] and the Book of Mormon.[11]

Answer 52

"Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno" ("One for all, all for one") "Eat to live, not live to eat." Attributed to Socrates "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." — John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961. "When the going gets tough, the tough get going.” "With my mind on my money and my money on my mind." — Attributed to Snoop Dogg in the song "Gin and Juice" "In America, you can always find a party. In Soviet Russia, Party always finds you!" — Yakov Smirnoff "The great object of [Hamlet's] life is defeated by continually resolving to do, yet doing nothing but resolve." — Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Shakespeare's Hamlet "We didn't land on Plymouth Rock. Plymouth Rock landed on us." — Malcolm X "He was just the man for such a place, and it was just the place for such a man." — Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass[2] "Fair is foul, and foul is fair" — Shakespeare, Macbeth, Act I, Scene 1, 12 “And we’ll lead, not merely by the example of our power, but by the power of our example.” - Joseph R. Biden, Inaugural Address[3] "All crime is vulgar, just as all vulgarity is crime" - Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray[4]

Answer 53

* A Let the evildoer still do evil, * A' and the filthy still be filthy, * B and the righteous still do right. * B' and the holy still be holy (Revelation 22:11).

Answer 54

An antithesis can be a simple statement contrasting two things, using a parallel structure: I defended the Republic as a young man; I shall not desert her now that I am old. (Cicero, 2nd Philippic, 2.118) Often there is a double antithesis, as in the following proverb, where "man" is opposed to "God", and "proposes" is contrasted with "disposes": Man proposes, God disposes. (anonymous) Another type is of the form "not A, but B" (negative-positive), in which the point made is emphasised by first being contrasted with its negative: I came not to bring peace but a sword. (St Matthew's Gospel, 10:34). Another type involves a antimetabole (AB, BA word order), in which the contrasted words switch places: In peace you are for war, and in war you long for peace. Two things show feebleness of mind: holding your breath at the time for speaking, and speaking when you should be silent. (Saadi) The negative-positive antithesis and the antimetabole-antithesis can be combined, as in the following sentence: Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country. – Inauguration of John F. Kennedy, 1961. An antithesis can also be combined with synonymous parallelism. In the following example, the first (A, A') and second couplet (B, B') are parallel synonymously with the same adverb and verb combination distinguishing the couplets: “still do”/”still be”//”still do”/”still be.” An antithesis is formed with line A contrasting “evil” with “right” in line B. Line A' contrasts the “filthy” with the “holy” in line B'.[8]

Answer 55

Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. (William Shakespeare, Hamlet) For many are called, but few are chosen. (Matthew 22:14) Never give in — never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. (by Winston Churchill) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way... (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities) We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools. (Martin Luther King Jr., speech at St. Louis, 1964.) The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. (Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address, 1863.) He who desires peace, should prepare for war. (Vegetius, Epitoma Rei Militaris, book 3, introduction.) For now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall understand fully, even as I have been fully understood. (St Paul, 1st Epistle to the Corinthians 13:12, Revised Standard Version-Catholic Edition) My men have become women, and my women, men. (King Xerxes at the Battle of Salamis (480 BC), according to Herodotus 8.88.3) Senator, in everything I said about Iraq I turned out to be right and you turned out to be wrong. (George Galloway at a US Senate hearing, May 2005.)[9] I'm not saying that this or that statue was stolen from there; I'm saying this, that you, Verres, left not one single statue in Aspendus. (Cicero, In Verrem, 2.1.53.) I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. (Martin Luther King Jr., 1963.) For contemplation he and valour formed, For softness she and sweet attractive grace; He for God only, she for God in him. (John Milton, Paradise Lost)

Answer 56

"Bond. James Bond." — James Bond "Put out the light, and then put out the light." — Shakespeare, Othello, Act V, scene 2. "A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse! — Richard III "You think you own whatever land you land on" — Second verse from the song Colors of the Wind from the movie Pocahontas ``` Leo Marks's poem "The Life That I Have",[7] memorably used in the film Odette, is an extended example of diacope: The life that I have Is all that I have And the life that I have Is yours. The love that I have Of the life that I have Is yours and yours and yours. A sleep I shall have A rest I shall have Yet death will be but a pause. For the peace of my years In the long green grass Will be yours and yours and yours. ```

Answer 57

Your argument is sound, nothing but sound. — Benjamin Franklin. The word sound in the first instance means "solid" or "reasonable". The second instance of sound means "noise".[4][5] Although we're apart, you're still a part of me. — Lyrics from "Blueberry Hill" by Fats Domino.[3] Time isn't wasted, when you're getting wasted. — Lyrics from "I Love College (song)" by Asher Roth. And miles to go before I sleep / And miles to go before I sleep. — Robert Frost. Sleep in the second instance meaning "eternal sleep". “In Genua, someone set out to make dreams come true... Remember some of your dreams?” – Sir Terry Pratchett.[6] The first usage of dreams refers to aspirations or desires, while the second refers to literal dreams. In Genesis 40:13 and 40:19, Joseph interprets two dreams and uses "lift up your head" to deliver two messages—one positive and the other, negative—to the two prisoners.[7] The word that is repeated five times in the sentence That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is, which has various meanings, depending on how it is punctuated. Buffalo is repeated eight times, and has three different meanings (a city, an animal, and a verb), in Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo. The Chinese poem Shī-shì shí shī shǐ. However the words are written differently in the original language (Chinese characters) and pronounced with different tones when read aloud.

Answer 58

Put out the light, then put out the light. — From Othello. Othello utters these words to himself as he enters Desdemona's chamber while she sleeps, intending to murder her. The first instance of put the light out means he will quench the candle, and the second instance means he will end the life of Desdemona.[4] I will dissemble myself in't; and I would I were the first that ever dissembled in such a gown. — In Twelfth Night, the fool Feste, where dissemble changes from "disguise" to "act hypocritically".[8][9] Whoever hath her wish, thou hast thy Will And Will to boot, and Will in overplus... — Shakespeare's Sonnet 135. The speaker is named Will, but the woman he is addressing has another lover who is also named Will. In this sonnet, the word will is used thirteen times, meaning "William", "sexual desire", "penis", or "vagina", depending on the context (and it usually means more than one of these things at once).[10][11] Shall this his mock mock out of their dear husbands, Mock mothers from their sons, mock castles down — from Henry V, King Henry utters four times the word mock to express two different meanings of 'mock' - one is 'to cheat' another is 'to taunt'.[12][13]

Answer 59

n rhetoric, epizeuxis is the repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession, typically within the same sentence, for vehemence or emphasis.[1] A closely related rhetorical device is diacope, which involves word repetition that is broken up by a single intervening word, or a small number of intervening words.[2] As a rhetorical device, epizeuxis is utilized to create an emotional appeal, thereby inspiring and motivating the audience. However, epizeuxis can also be used for comic effect.[3] "My God, My God, why hast thou forsaken me?" — (Psalms 22.1) The repeated repetition -- (a triple occurrence) -- of [the word meaning] "holy" in the Kedushah in the Amidah, which -- (according to a "reference" linked to from "Kedushah (prayer)#Kedushah in the Amidah") -- seems to be derived from (or perhaps [more like] quoted from) the biblical verse Isaiah 6:3. "'Miserere mei, Deus; miserere mei, Deus." – Miserere (Josquin), c1504. "Dilly, Dilly!" — Bud Light King "Pretty, pretty good!" — Larry David in Curb Your Enthusiasm[4]

Answer 60

"Never give in — never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy."—Winston Churchill “Isn’t it extraordinary that the Prime Minister of our country can’t even urge his Party to support his own position?! Yeah. Weak! Weak! Weak!”—Tony Blair "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time..."—Macbeth "O horror, horror, horror."—Macbeth "Words, words, words."—Hamlet "Break, Break, Break"—Alfred, Lord Tennyson "Comfort ye, comfort ye my people, saith your God."—Isaiah 40. The title of William Faulkner’s novel: Absalom, Absalom! (see Heinrich Schütz's Fili mi Absalom) "Rain, rain, rain, rain, rain."—Guy Gavriel Kay

Answer 61

Developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers. Developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers!"—Steve Ballmer "Education, education, education."—Tony Blair "Never, never, never, never, never!"—King Lear "Location, location, location."—common phrase tied to real estate "The horror, the horror"—Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness "We are never, ever, ever, ever getting back together"—Taylor Swift, We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together "The fools, the fools, the fools!"—Patrick Pearse[5] "No, no, no!"—Margaret Thatcher "Yes, yes, yes!"—Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz "Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity!"—Henry David Thoreau, Walden "Scotch, scotch, scotch, scotchy, scotchy scotch."—Ron Burgundy, Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy "But you never know now do you now do you now do you."— David Foster Wallace, Brief Interviews with Hideous Men Tora! Tora! Tora!—A 1970 movie of the same name focused around the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. "Marcia, Marcia, Marcia!"—The Brady Bunch "I'll have your Spam. I love it. I'm having Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, baked beans, Spam, Spam, Spam and Spam."—Monty Python's Flying Circus "The first rule of Fight Club is: you do not talk about Fight Club. The second rule of Fight Club is: you DO NOT talk about Fight Club! "—Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club

Answer 62

The king is dead; long live the king. History is ours and people make history. — Salvador Allende They bowed down to him rather, because he was all of these things, and then again he was all of these things because the town bowed down. —Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God Beloved is mine; she is Beloved. — Toni Morrison, Beloved Blow winds and crack your cheeks! Rage, blow! — Shakespeare, King Lear, 3.2.1 Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more; — Shakespeare, Henry V, 3.1.1 Last things first; the slow haul to forgive them ... a telling figure out of rhetoric, | epanalepsis, the same word first and last. — Geoffrey Hill, The Triumph of Love, Section X Nice to see you, to see you, nice. — Bruce Forsyth (As a phrase repeated but inverted, this is also an example of antimetabole.)

Answer 63

"When there is talk of hatred, let us stand up and talk against it. When there is talk of violence, let us stand up and talk against it." — Bill Clinton "Let England have its navigation and fleet—let Scotland have its navigation and fleet—let Wales have its navigation and fleet—let Ireland have its navigation and fleet—let those four of the constituent parts of the British empire be under four independent governments, and it is easy to perceive how soon they would each dwindle into comparative insignificance." — The Federalist No. 4 The statement and poem "First they came"

Answer 64

"Where affections bear rule, their reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, for ever are subdued." — Thomas Wilson "... this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." — Abraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address "When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things." — The Apostle Paul, in the Bible, 1 Cor 13:11 (King James Translation) "There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem." Lyndon B. Johnson in "We Shall Overcome" "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." — Ralph Waldo Emerson ``` "Hourly joys be still upon you! Juno sings her blessings on you. ... Scarcity and want shall shun you, Ceres' blessing so is on you." — Shakespeare, The Tempest (4.1.108–109; 116–17) ```

Answer 65

Other than the function of emphasizing ideas, the use of anaphora as a rhetorical device adds rhythm to a word as well as making it more pleasurable to read and easier to remember. Anaphora is repetition at the beginning of a sentence to create emphasis. Anaphora serves the purpose of delivering an artistic effect to a passage. It is also used to appeal to the emotions of the audience in order to persuade, inspire, motivate and encourage them.[3] In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "I Have a Dream" speech, he uses anaphora by repeating "I have a dream" eight times throughout the speech.[4]

Answer 66

``` She's imperfect, but she tries She is good, but she lies She is hard on herself She is broken and won't ask for help She is messy, but she's kind She is lonely most of the time She is all of this mixed up and baked in a beautiful pie She is gone, but she used to be mine ``` — Sara Bareilles, "She Used to Be Mine" For want of a nail the shoe was lost. For want of a shoe the horse was lost. For want of a horse the rider was lost. For want of a rider the message was lost. For want of a message the battle was lost. For want of a battle the kingdom was lost. And all for the want of a horseshoe nail. — "For Want of a Nail" In time the savage bull sustains the yoke, In time all haggard hawks will stoop to lure, In time small wedges cleave the hardest oak, In time the flint is pierced with softest shower. — Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy, I, vi. 3 Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition! ``` — William Shakespeare, King John, II, i What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp? ``` — William Blake, The Tyger

Answer 67

n every cry of every man, In every infant's cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forged manacles I hear: — William Blake, London Strike as I struck the foe! Strike as I would Have struck those tyrants! Strike deep as my curse! Strike!—and but once! — Byron, Marino Faliero With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, ... — Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address Out of the cradle endlessly rocking, Out of the mock-bird's throat, the musical shuttle, Out of the Ninth-month midnight, [...] Up from the mystic play of shadows twining and twisting as if they were alive, Out from the patches of briers and blackberries, From the memories of the bird that chanted to me, From your memories, sad brother, from the fitful risings and fallings I heard, From under that yellow half-moon late-risen and swollen as if with tears, From those beginning notes of yearning and love, there in the transparent mist, From the thousand responses of my heart never to cease, From the myriad thence-arous'd words, From the word stronger and more delicious than any, From such as now they start the scene revisiting,... — Walt Whitman, "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking"

Answer 68

When I have seen by Time's fell hand defaced The rich proud cost of outworn buried age; When sometime lofty towers I see down-razed And brass eternal slave to mortal rage; When I have seen the hungry ocean gain Advantage on the kingdom of the shore, And the firm soil win of the watery main, Increasing store with loss and loss with store; When I have seen such interchange of state, Or state itself confounded to decay; Ruin hath taught me thus to ruminate, That Time will come and take my love away. This thought is as a death, which cannot choose But weep to have that which it fears to lose. — William Shakespeare, Sonnet 64 It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way... — Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. — Winston Churchill, "We shall fight on the beaches" Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never. — Elie Wiesel, Night

Answer 69

I am the farmer, bondsman to the soil. I am the worker sold to the machine. I am the Negro, servant to you all. I am the people, humble, hungry, mean-- — Langston Hughes, Let America be America Again I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.' I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state, sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. — Martin Luther King Jr., "I Have a Dream" Where is the Life we have lost in living? Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information? — T.S. Eliot, "The Rock" We cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. — Abraham Lincoln, from his Gettysburg Address

Answer 70

"Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering." —Yoda "For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime, Young Lycidas and hath not left his peer." —John Milton, Lycidas "Queeg: 'Aboard my ship, excellent performance is standard. Standard performance is sub-standard. Sub-standard performance is not permitted to exist.'" —Herman Wouk, The Caine Mutiny. "Mine be thy love, and thy love's use their treasure." —Shakespeare, Sonnet 20. "Having power makes [totalitarian leadership] isolated; isolation breeds insecurity; insecurity breeds suspicion and fear; suspicion and fear breed violence." —Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge: Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism "What I present here is what I remember of the letter, and what I remember of the letter I remember verbatim (including that awful French)." —Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita

Answer 71

"The years to come seemed waste of breath, / A waste of breath the years behind" - William Butler Yeats "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" “Your beliefs become your thoughts, your thoughts become your words, your words become your actions, your actions become your habits, your habits become your values, your values become your destiny.” [3] Turn the lights out now, Now I'll take you by the hand, Hand you another drink, Drink it if you can, Can you spend a little time, Time is slipping away, Away from us so stay, Stay with me I can make, Make you glad you came - Nathan Sykes of The Wanted, 2010 "To lead a better life, I need my love to be here / Here, making each day of the year", etc. — Paul McCartney, "Here, There and Everywhere"

Answer 72

Euphony is the effect of sounds being perceived as pleasant, rhythmical, lyrical, or harmonious.[6][7][8] Cacophony is the effect of sounds being perceived as harsh, unpleasant, chaotic, and often discordant; these sounds are perhaps meaningless and jumbled together.[9] Compare with consonance and dissonance in music. In poetry, for example, euphony may be used deliberately to convey comfort, peace, or serenity, while cacophony may be used to convey discomfort, pain, or disorder. This is often furthered by the combined effect of the meaning beyond just the sounds themselves. The California Federation of Chaparral Poets, Inc. uses Emily Dickinson's "A Bird Came Down the Walk" as an example of euphonious poetry, one passage being "...Oars divide the Ocean, / Too silver for a seam" and John Updike's "Player Piano" as an example of cacophonous poetry, one passage being "My stick fingers click with a snicker / And, chuckling, they knuckle the keys".[10]

Answer 73

Three or more syllables (e.g., goss·a·mer and mel·o·dy) Stress on the first syllable (e.g., góssamer and mélody) /l/ is the most common consonant phoneme, followed by /m, s, n, r, k, t, d/, then a huge drop-off before other consonants (e.g., luminous contains the first four) Short vowels (e.g., the schwa, followed in order by the vowels in lid, led, and lad) are favored over long vowels and diphthongs (e.g., as in lied, load, loud) Three or more manners of articulation (with approximant consonants the most common, followed by stop consonants, and so on) The English compound noun cellar door has been widely cited as an example of a word or phrase that is beautiful purely in terms of its sound (i.e., euphony) without inherent regard for its meaning.[12] The phenomenon of cellar door being regarded as euphonious appears to have begun in the very early twentieth century, first attested in the 1903 novel Gee-Boy by the Shakespeare scholar Cyrus Lauron Hooper. It has been promoted as beautiful-sounding by various writers; linguist Geoffrey Nunberg specifically names the writers H. L. Mencken in 1920;

Answer 74

Syllogism which omits either one of the premises or the conclusion. The omitted part must be clearly understood by the reader. Sometimes this depends on contextual knowledge. Mark’d ye his words? He would not take the crown; Therefore ‘tis certain he was not ambitious. (Julius Caesar 3.2; the premise implied is that no ambitious person would refuse the crown) They say it takes hundreds of years to build a nation. Welcome to Singapore. (Singapore Tourism Board campaign; to arrive at the omitted conclusion that Singapore is exceptional, the visitor must know that Singapore has but a short history of 50-odd years as an independent nation)

Answer 75

The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars, As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heaven Would through the airy region stream so bright That birds would sing and think it were not night (R&J 2.2) His face was as the heavens... His legs bestrid the ocean: his rear'd arm Crested the world... realms and islands were As plates dropp'd from his pocket. (A&C 5.2) Or for argumentative effect: Her election to Parliament would be the worst thing to ever happen to this country! [

Answer 76

Can honour set to a leg? No. Or an arm? No. Or take away the grief of a wound? No. Honour hath no skill in surgery, then? No. What is honour? A word. What is in that word honour? What is that honour? Air. A trim reckoning! Who hath it? He that died a' Wednesday. Doth he feel it? No. Doth he hear it? No. 'Tis insensible, then? Yea, to the dead. But will it not live with the living? No. Why? Detraction will not suffer it.

Answer 77

This device indirectly implies an accusation without explicitly stating it.[1] This can be combined with apophasis. I know you aren’t an alcoholic, but I did notice you’ve replaced all the bottles in your liquor cabinet.

Answer 78

Metanoia qualifies a statement or by recalling or rejecting it in part or full, and then re-expressing it in a better, milder, or stronger way.[6][7] A negative is often used to do the recalling. All faults that may be named, nay, that hell knows… (Cymbeline 2.4) He was the best of men - no, of all humanity.

Answer 79

``` ‘All right!’ you’ll cry. ‘All right!’ you’ll say, ‘But if we take the set away, What shall we do to entertain Our darling children? Please explain!’ We’ll answer this by asking you, ‘What used the darling ones to do? How used they keep themselves contented Before this monster was invented?’ (Roald Dahl, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory) ```

Answer 80

Understatement, or meiosis, involves deliberately understating the importance, significance or magnitude of a subject. This means the force of the description is less than what is expected, thus highlighting the irony or extreme nature of an event.[14] The war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage. (The Jewel Voice Broadcast) BENVOLIO: What, art thou hurt? MERCUTIO: Ay, ay, a scratch, a scratch. (R&J 3.1; Mercutio dies of his wounds shortly after.) The captain's announcement onboard British Airways Flight 9 has been described as ‘a masterpiece of understatement’:[25] Ladies and gentlemen, this is your captain speaking. We have a small problem. All four engines have stopped. We are doing our damnedest to get them going again. I trust you are not in too much distress.[26] A subtype of understatement is litotes, which uses negation: Heatwaves are not rare in the summer.

Answer 81

Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest - For Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all, all honourable men - Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. (Julius Caesar 3.2; Antony attacks Brutus's character and that of his co-conspirators)

Answer 82

Metaphor connects two different things to one another. It is frequently invoked by the to be verb.[5][6] The use of metaphor in rhetoric is primarily to convey to the audience a new idea or meaning by linking it to an already familiar idea or meaning. The literary critic and rhetorician, I. A. Richards, divides a metaphor into two parts: the vehicle and the tenor.[27] In the following example, Romeo compares Juliet to the sun (the vehicle), and this metaphor connecting Juliet to the sun shows that Romeo sees Juliet as being radiant and regards her as an essential being (the tenor). But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun. (R&J 2.2)

Answer 83

Metonymy is a figure of speech where a thing or concept is referred to indirectly by the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant. Examples: - "crown" to denote king or queen. - Oval Office or Washington to refer to the President of the United States of America.

Answer 84

Omission of conjunction "and" Aristotle wrote in his Rhetoric that this device was more effective in spoken oratory than in written prose: "Thus strings of unconnected words, and constant repetitions of words and phrases, are very properly condemned in written speeches: but not in spoken speeches — speakers use them freely, for they have a dramatic effect. In this repetition there must be variety of tone, paving the way, as it were, to dramatic effect; e.g., 'This is the villain among you who deceived you, who cheated you, who meant to betray you completely'". Aristotle, Rhetoric, Book III, Chapter 12 (trans. W. Rhys Roberts). Several notable examples can be found in American political speeches: Aristotle also believed that asyndeton can be used effectively in endings of works, and he himself employs the device in the final passage of the Rhetoric: "For the conclusion, the disconnected style of language is appropriate, and will mark the difference between the oration and the peroration. 'I have done. You have heard me. The facts are before you. I ask for your judgement'". Aristotle, Rhetoric, Book III, Chapter 19 (trans. W. Rhys Roberts). "...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth". Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address "...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address, 20 January 1961. Another frequently used example is Winston Churchill's address, "We shall fight on the beaches": "We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. . ." Omission of conjunction "or" An asyndeton of "or" before a polysyndeton of "and": "A parson or what looked like one was laboring over the crest of the hill and coming toward them with one hand raised in blessing, greeting, fending flies. He was dressed in a dusty frockcoat and carried a walking stick and he wore a pair of octagonal glasses on the one pane of which the late sun shone while a watery eye peered from the naked wire aperture of the other." (Cormac McCarthy, Outer Dark, 1968)

Answer 85

``` Type 1 Grammatical syllepsis (sometimes also called zeugma): where a single word is used in relation to two other parts of a sentence although the word grammatically or logically applies to only one.[2][4] ``` By definition, grammatical syllepsis will often be grammatically "incorrect" according to traditional grammatical rules. However, such solecisms are sometimes not errors but intentional constructions in which the rules of grammar are bent by necessity or for stylistic effect. "He works his work, I mine" (Tennyson, "Ulysses").[4] It is ungrammatical from a grammarian's viewpoint, because "works" does not grammatically agree with "I": the sentence "I works mine" would be ungrammatical. On the other hand, Tennyson's two sentences could be taken to deploy a different figure of speech, namely "ellipsis". The sentence would be taken to mean, "He works his work, [and] I [work] mine." Read in this way, the conjunction is not ungrammatical. Sometimes the "error" is logical, rather than grammatical: "When the people saw the thunder and lightning and heard the trumpet and saw the mountain in smoke, they trembled with fear. (Exodus 20:18a)"[4] Logically, they "saw" only the lightning.

Answer 86

Zeugma (often also called syllepsis, or semantic syllepsis): a single word is used with two other parts of a sentence but must be understood differently in relation to each.[5][6][7][8] Example: "He took his hat and his leave." The type of figure is grammatically correct but creates its effect by seeming, at first hearing, to be incorrect by its exploiting multiple shades of meaning in a single word or phrase. "Here Thou, great Anna! whom three Realms obey, Dost sometimes Counsel take – and sometimes Tea." (Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock, Canto III)[9][10] "Miss Bolo [...] went straight home, in a flood of tears and a sedan-chair." (Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers, Chapter 35)[9] "She lowered her standards by raising her glass / Her courage, her eyes and his hopes..."When he asked 'What in heaven?' she made no reply, up her mind, and a dash for the door." (Flanders and Swann, "Have Some Madeira M'Dear")[4][11] "They covered themselves with dust and glory." (Mark Twain).[4] "He watches afternoon repeats and the food he eats." (Blur, "Country House") "You held your breath and the door for me." (Alanis Morissette, "Head Over Feet") "I took the podium and my second trophy of the evening." (Samuel R. Delany, "Racism and Science Fiction")[12] "Quand les Français à tête folle / S’en allèrent dans l’Italie, / Ils gagnèrent à l’étourdie / Et Gênes et Naples et la Vérole." ["On their flippant way through Italy, the French carelessly picked up Genoa, Naples and syphilis."] (François Voltaire)[13][14] When the meaning of a verb varies for the nouns following it, there is a standard order for the nouns: the noun first takes the most prototypical or literal meaning of the verb and is followed by the noun or nouns taking the less prototypical or more figurative verb meanings.[15] "The boy swallowed milk and kisses," as contrasted with "The boy swallowed kisses and milk".[15] The opposite process, in which the first noun expresses a figurative meaning and the second a more literal meaning, tends to create a comic effect: “and she feeds me love and tenderness and macaroons.” (The Stampeders, “Sweet City Woman”)

Answer 87

Type 3 The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms offers a much broader definition for zeugma by defining it as any case of parallelism and ellipsis working together so that a single word governs two or more other parts of a sentence.[16] Vicit pudorem libido timorem audacia rationem amentia. (Cicero, Pro Cluentio, VI.15) "Lust conquered shame; audacity, fear; madness, reason." The more usual way of phrasing this would be "Lust conquered shame, audacity conquered fear, and madness conquered reason." The sentence consists of three parallel clauses, called parallel because each has the same word order: object, verb, subject in the original Latin; subject, verb, object in the English translation. The verb "conquered" is a common element in each clause. The zeugma is created in both the original and the translation by removing the second and third instances of "conquered". Removing words that still can be understood by the context of the remaining words is ellipsis. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. (Francis Bacon[17]). The more usual way of phrasing this would be "Histories make men wise, poets make them witty, the mathematics make them subtle, natural philosophy makes them deep, moral [philosophy] makes them grave, and logic and rhetoric make them able to contend." Zeugmas are defined in this sense in Samuel Johnson's 18th-century A Dictionary of the English

Answer 88

A special case of semantic syllepsis occurs when a word or phrase is used both in its figurative and literal sense at the same time.[3] Then, it is not necessary for the governing phrase to relate to two other parts of the sentence. One example, from the song "What's My Name?", is: "Okay, there we go / Only thing we have on is the radio." Another example is in an advertisement for a transport company: "We go a long way for you." This type of syllepsis operates in a similar manner to a homonymic pun.

Answer 89

The Roman people destroyed Numantia, razed Carthage, demolished Corinth, and overthrew Fregellae. "We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." (Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy)

Answer 90

Assure yourself that Damon to his Pythias, Pylades to his Orestes, Titus to his Gysippus, Theseus to his Pyrothus, Scipio to his Laelius, was never found more faithful than Euphues will be to his Philautus.

Answer 91

A prozeugma,[24] synezeugmenon, or praeiunctio is a zeugma whose governing word occurs in the first clause of the sentence.[23] Vicit pudorem libido timorem audacia rationem amentia. (Cicero, Pro Cluentio, VI.15) "Lust conquered shame; audacity, fear; madness, reason." Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtile; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. (Francis Bacon[17]).

Answer 92

A mesozeugma[25] is a zeugma whose governing word occurs in the middle of the sentence and governs clauses on either side. A mesozeugma whose common term is a verb is called "conjunction" (coniunctio) in the Roman Rhetorica ad Herennium.[20] "What a shame is this, that neither hope of reward, nor feare of reproch could any thing move him, neither the persuasion of his friends, nor the love of his country. [sic]" (Henry Peacham)

Answer 93

Another diplomatic use would be to raise a criticism indirectly, as in, "It would be out of line for me to say that this action would be unwise and unaffordable, sir, as I only care about your best interests."

Answer 94

When apophasis is taken to its extreme, the speaker provides full details, stating or drawing attention to something in the very act of pretending to pass it over: "I will not stoop to mentioning the occasion last winter when our esteemed opponent was found asleep in an alleyway with an empty bottle of vodka still pressed to his lips."[10] In the second debate[11] of the 1984 U.S. presidential campaign, Ronald Reagan used a humorous apophasis to deflect scrutiny of his own fitness at age 73 by replying, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience."[12] In 1988, he applied a harsher apophasis toward George H. W. Bush's opponent Michael Dukakis, who was rumored to have received psychological treatment, "Look, I'm not going to pick on an invalid."[13] Former United States President Donald Trump frequently employs apophasis.[14] In 2015, Trump said of fellow Republican presidential candidate and former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina, "I promised I would not say that she ran Hewlett-Packard into the ground, that she laid off tens of thousands of people and she got viciously fired. I said I will not say it, so I will not say it."[14] In 2016, he tweeted of journalist Megyn Kelly, "I refuse to call [her] a bimbo because that would not be politically correct."[14] In 2017, as president, he tweeted of the leader of North Korea, "Why would Kim Jong-un insult me by calling me 'old', when I would NEVER call him 'short and fat'?".[15]

Answer 95

How observant are you really? When you’re on a crowded train or in a busy airport, do you ever find yourself looking around and making up hypotheses about who people are and what their lives are like? You might watch a couple fighting and speculate about whether they’re newlyweds having their first argument or long term partners on the brink of divorce. Little clues like power heels and a sharp business suit might encourage you to believe that the woman striding down the hall is perhaps very important. You might find yourself speculating about her career. CEO? Lawyer? What kind of meeting is she on her way to? These can be fun little games to play with ourselves, but they also reveal an important truth about human nature: we pay a lot of attention to surface cues, but often decline to delve deeper and find out too much about a person. Why? Well, psychologist Jeffrey Simpson posited that it’s because getting too close to people can reveal uncomfortable truths, even — or perhaps especially — when it comes to close relationships. The more we learn about people, the more we’re able to tell if they might find us boring or if they’re being disingenuous towards us and that’s painful to discover. So, sometimes we unconsciously turn a blind eye to emotional cues that might give us a deeper understanding of someone else. This proved especially truein one of Simpson’s studies in which he asked married couples to watch video footage of each other discussing something on which they disagreed. As they watched, each partner was asked to write down their own feelings and to speculate about what their partner was feeling. Through this exercise, Simpson found that couples who were less successful at intuiting each other’s feelings or “reading their partner’s mind” reported higher levels of happiness than those who could do this more accurately. However, accurately reading someone’s emotional state and identifying their weaknesses is crucial for the success of a con artist or “confidence trickster.” The case of Debra Saalfield is a prime example of this, because in 2008, Debra went to see a psychic. Having lost both her job and her boyfriend at pretty much the same time, Debra was feeling vulnerable, hurt, and confused, and the psychic picked up on that before Debra even said a word. The psychic’s expert read on body language enabled her to manipulate Debra into writing her a check for $27,000 under the misguided belief that this woman actually had her best interest at heart.

Answer 96

However, there’s more to the process of manipulating someone than simply identifying their vulnerabilities. In order to successfully manipulate, a con artist also has to gain their victim’s trust, as illustrated by the case of Debra and her psychic. So, what does that look like in practice? Well, if you’ve ever known someone whose presence can light up a room, who seems to draw everyone to them with an almost magnetic appeal, you’ve already have a little taster of what this looks like. That’s because these people have strong charisma — the ability to seem likeable and trustworthy — and although that can often be used for good, as in the case of strong leaders or motivational speakers, this skill can also be manipulated for the purpose of hurting others. Take, for example, a woman named Joan who Konnikova interviewed as she was crafting this book. Joan had fallen in love with a man named Greg who seemed perfect in every way. He was attentive. He was kind. He even helped Joan remodel her kitchen and care for her sick grandmother, all out of the kindness of his heart! These factors all came together as evidence for Joan that he had to be a truly good person and wouldn’t hurt her. But despite all this evidence, Joan couldn’t shake the feeling that there was something “off” about Greg. For one thing, he didn’t have any friends or family and his explanations for that didn’t quite add up. Then, when Joan attempted to call him at work, the office where he allegedly worked had no idea who he was. As more and more holes appeared in Greg’s story, Joan soon realized that her seemingly perfect boyfriend had spent two years charming her into believing a lie. If you now find yourself wondering how that can happen and why people fall for these deceptions, it may help to take a look at a study conducted by psychologist Lisa DeBruine. DeBruine’s research interests are concentrated on the psychology of similarity and how con artists employ this to fake a connection with their victims. She tested this through a study in which she asked participants to work together on a group project with a virtual teammate. Interestingly, her results showed that the project was likely to be more successful if the photo of the virtual teammate had been altered to look like the participant. This proves that people are drawn to those they perceive as being similar to themselves and that they’re more likely to trust people with whom they have a lot in common. That’s kind of a no-brainer when you think about it because we all enjoy meeting people who share our interests. But con artists know that similarity can be mimicked for manipulative purposes. Often, in order to inspire a sense of trust, they will create a perception of false commonalities by pretending to share someone else’s interests or values. This can be scarily effective because human beings are often so subconsciously egotistical that, after learning someone has the same taste as us, we automatically like or trust them a little more. And that’s exactly where the danger begins.

Answer 97

We’ve all been stopped on the street by someone seeking to raise awareness about a cause. Maybe it’s a local high-school kid handing out fliers for their fundraiser or a volunteer for an environmental group, but if you’re like most people, you probably try to pretend you don’t see them as you walk past. Why? Because you know that if you take time out of your day to get engaged in a conversation about a cause, you’ll probably feel compelled to do something about it and most of us don’t want to pause our busy lives for a philanthropic side-quest. Con artists know that too, and one of their primary techniques for manipulating you is built on the understanding that if you can get people to agree to a small favor — like pausing for a moment to hear what someone has to say or giving a small donation — it’s much easier to get them to agree to bigger favors down the road. This has been proven by a study conducted at Stanford University in 1966, in which researchers discovered that stay-at-home moms were 30% more likely to spend two hours on the phone answering questions in a survey if they had previously agreed to take a moment and answer “just a few questions.” This is what’s known as the “foot in the door” strategy and it’s what con artists employ all the time. One of the best examples of this in practice can be traced all the way back to the year 1900 and the case of a newspaper ad that “went viral” even in that era’s limited technology. The ad featured a plea from someone who said their name was Bill Morrison; he was a Nigerian princelooking for American pen-pals. That doesn’t sound so bad, right? And because that’s what pretty much everyone else who read his ad thought, he garnered quite a few pen pals very quickly. He also got quite a few people to comply with his seemingly innocent request to send him $4.00 in exchange for a few rare jewels from Nigeria. As you’ve probably already figured out, the gems never reached his pen-pals. But with multiple people all across the United States sending him $4.00 at a time, in the economy of 1900, that really started to add up. It also generated enough national concern for many of those people to complain, and when they finally got the police to investigate it, they discovered that “Bill Morrison the Nigerian prince” was, in fact, a 14-year-old American boy who had cooked up the scheme for fun. So, while this enterprising teen may have only bilked a few people out of $4.00, his story just goes to show you that once a con artist gets their foot in door via a small request, they have the opportunity to go farther and cause more significant damage. They might also attempt another strategy like leading with an unreasonable request and then backing down until they find a smaller favor you are willing to commit to. One great example of this can be seen in the case of England’s Lady Worcester who, in 1990, was holding a charity auction to support ethical pig farming practices. During the course of the auction, she was approached by a man she’d never met or even heard of before who claimed to be a nobleman. This struck her as suspicious, given that it was highly unlikely for her to not at least be aware of other members of the English gentry. His offer for her to come visit him at his country home in Monaco was equally suspicious and she wisely declined. However, fearing to appear rude, she did accept his $4,000 check for a bronze pig sculpture, remarking that she wouldn’t want to offend him by rejecting him a second time. But as you’ve probably already guessed, the check never cleared.

Answer 98

Whether in real life or in parodies, we’ve all seen them: people who think they look so cool and confident while the rest of the world laughs at them behind their backs. And of course, as we watch, the primary question in our mind is, “Who do they think they’re fooling?! How do they not see what they look like?!” But though we may not want to consider that thought, the truth is that this might even happen to us far more often than we’d like to admit. Chances are, we’ve all looked deeply ridiculously without realizing it because people don’t always have the greatest powers of self-perception. And to make matters worse, con artists are experts at pinpointing our blind spots. Just take a look at one example from a 2012 case of an otherwise very intelligent university professor. When he was 68 years old, this man — whose entire life centered on the pursuit of knowledge and reason — fell for a picture of a beautiful model he saw on the internet. Although the two exchanged some instant messages online, they never spoke on the phone or saw each other on Skype. He possessed no proof that she was real. And yet, despite all this, he immediately agreed to jump on a plane and meet her in Bolivia. But of course, things didn’t go as planned. The first red flag popped up when he arrived and received word that his date couldn’t meet him because she’d had to jet off for an emergency photo-shoot in Brussels. The second occurred when she said she’d left in such a hurry as to forget her suitcase and asked him to please bring it to her. If you’ve ever watched a movie or spent any time on the internet at all, hopefully you’re groaning as you brace for the inevitable cringe-y outcome. More importantly, I hope each reader has already identified the fact that this poor professor made every classic internet mistake in the book. And if so, you’ve probably already seen it coming: the part where it turns out that her “lost suitcase” is filled with two kilograms of cocaine and the professor is arrested for drug smuggling. Now, the moral of this story might be internet safety, but more aptly, it might be to cultivate awareness of our blindspots. Because the primary reason this poor professor was deceived was because he was so full of self-confidence, he never stopped to question why a 30-year-old model he’d never met would be so interested in him. And although confidence is a wonderful thing and we all need a healthy dose of it, it’s equally important that we become aware of our own failings in our self-perception so we can prevent people from taking advantage of us. Because we might not know a lot about human psychology or how it can be applied to us — but con artists know a lot.

Answer 99

If you think back to scandals like the Bernie Madoff scam we mentioned earlier, it might be helpful to alter the questions you ask. Because instead of asking, “Why are people stupid enough to fall for that?” the question you should be asking is, “What makes people gravitate towards con artists?” The simplest answer, as illustrated by the cases of Joan’s con artist boyfriend Greg, Debra Schaalfield, and the Lady of Worcester, is that people are drawn in by an illusion of success! And while of course, it stands to reason that we’d be attracted to people who seem to be charming and successful, the root of that attraction actually goes deeper than we might think. In fact, our eagerness to believe in a con artist’s scheme stems from the fact that people are naturally inclined to be optimistic about the future — sometimes, too optimistic. That’s why con artists are also frequently referred to as “confidence tricksters,” because they’re able to tap into our inherent optimism and confidence and exploit it for personal gain. A psychology survey conducted in the 1990s confirmed thiswhen it found that all college students overestimated how happy they would be in their upcoming semester by 10-20%, including their estimations of how well their grades would turn out, how successful their relationships would be, and the amount of positive experiences they would have. That eagerness to believe that things are going to work out for us is one of humanity’s most beautiful traits. But it’s also how we fall prey to manipulators. The victims of William Miller knew that only too well, because in 1889, Miller asked each of his friends to donate $10 to his business as start-up capital. He told them he could guarantee that his business would generate a weekly return of 10% on their investment, and of course his friends all signed up, with many even inviting others to join in on the get-rich-quick scheme. And because they trusted in their friend and were eager to make more money, they had no idea that these “investments” had never existed in the first place! Rather, Miller was using each new “donation” to pay the weekly returns to the previous round of investors; his only aim was to keep this scheme going for as long as he could by recruiting a fresh batch of donors.

Answer 100

If it’s starting to sound like every possible good character trait can lead you into a trap, that’s because it’s true. Sadly, each of humanity’s most endearing qualities — compassion, generosity, hope — can be manipulated by those who seek to abuse them. And the same is true of our commitment to our personal beliefs. That’s because our beliefs — whether they’re religious, political, or simply tied to the way we see the world — are something deeply personal to us and we’re not eager to be talked out of them. Con artists know this and often use it for their advantage on the principle that sometimes, when people have an experience that contradicts their beliefs, they’ll cling to those beliefs even if it means suppressing the experience. Psychologist Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance can help us explain this behavior. Coined in 1957, this theory suggests that a conflict between our beliefs and reality can be so stressful that we’re willing to distort our view of reality so that it can continue to encompass our beliefs, Festinger first began formulating this theory after conducting some research on a cult who believed the end of the world was fast approaching and that only a chosen few would be spared by an alien spaceship. But when the date of their alleged Armageddon passed without the end of the world occurring, so far from giving up their beliefs, the cult realigned reality with their worldview by choosing to believe that their powerful meditation had prevented the apocalypse altogether. And although most of us (hopefully) aren’t crazed cult members, the same is still true for everyone. We may not do it consciously, but once we trust someone or make up our minds that the world works in a certain way, we often resist all evidence which disproves our chosen beliefs. Con artists, in turn, use this to reinforce our trust in them and ensnare us tighter in their web.

Answer 101

Let’s pretend for a moment that you’re a detective. You’ve just solved a major case and earned a significant promotion that’s lead to you being heralded as the city’s hero. That is, until a rookie officer approaches you with evidence of a major detail you’ve overlooked. The discovery of this information might change the case’s outcome entirely. Your criminal could go free, the victims’ families wouldn’t get closure, and you’d definitely lose your promotion. But the young officer has a solution: as long as you promote him, he won’t share this information. Would you do it? According to the results of a survey which interviewed people presented with this hypothetical, you probably wouldn’t. That’s because our personal reputation is one of the most valued facets of our identity and we’re reluctant to damage it. In fact, we care so much about our perception in the eyes of others that psychologist Robin Dunbar’s 1997 study revealed that 65% of all conversations revolve around gossip. More than almost any other topic, we’re concerned with how other people behave, how we behaved, and what other people thought about it, which reveals that our reputation is one of the biggest concerns in our lives. A good reputation is also, in essence, a shortcut for gaining people’s trust even if they don’t know us personally, which is why it can be a valuable social commodity. It can also be a great tool for con artists as evidenced by a highly effective scam from 1915. Around this time, a rumor was started that Queen Elizabeth had an illegitimate son with Sir Francis Drake and that a descendant of this son was now fighting a legal battle to reclaim the money that had been stolen from Drake’s ship in the sixteenth century as an inheritance. Potential investors were promised that anyone who paid to cover the legal fees would be given a share of the inheritance once it was restored and this potential attracted over seventy thousand investors. However, when the promised investment was never returned, not one of the seventy thousand victims spoke out. Why? Because each was afraid of being considered foolish for falling for this scheme and feared the loss of their reputation.

Answer 102

Put-up: finding the right victim Play: creation of empathy and rapport. And of liking. It can start very small, with familiarity and “mere exposure”, and enhanced with conversation, finding commonalities, and remembering people’s names and conversation details. Some cons are based on false knowledge, like pretending to be someone’s relative at a wedding. Rope: logic and persuasion Scheme: the tale One of the reasons cons work so well is because in good part we want to believe the tale, we want to believe things that are too good to be true Convince: the evidence, the way it will work, and the showing of the profits Breakdown: the self-convincing that goes on as we get more and more deeply into the con. “The good confidence man has been working his way up to this very moment, the moment when “Too good to be true” turns into “Actually, this makes perfect sense”: I am exceptional, and I deserve it. It’s not too good to be true; it is exactly what I had coming to me.” Send: the victim willingly increases investment Touch: the “hit” of the con Blow-off: the con becomes clear Fix: the con artist takes distance. But he might not need to do anything since the victim will either defend the con artist, selectively forget being conned, or fail to report the con artist to avoid embarrassment

Answer 103

On this website we use the expression “power protecting” for strategies and techniques that avoid annoying people. Con artists can also be very power protecting. Says Konnikova: There’s nothing a con artist likes to do more than make us feel powerful and in control: we are the ones calling the shots, making the choices, doing the thinking. They are merely there to do our bidding. That way, people lower their guard.

Answer 104

Con artists often seek to embody positions and ranks that grant them status and power. Think of titles such as doctor, researcher, or group belonging such as aristocracy, political elite, or “the wealthy club”. The status and power from the position make people more likely to believe the con, and also less likely to question him. Says Konnikova: You want the powerful to like you, not to think you petty for deigning to question their integrity, and so you keep any doubts to yourself

Answer 105

One classic example is the magician Darren Brown, who managed to pay people with pieces of paper while he bombarded them with stimuli and with “embedded commands”: Psychologist Katherine Milkman found that when we are bombarded with stimuli, we are more likely to make decisions that fit with what we want to do rather than what we should do.

Answer 106

Part of the dark triad are: Psychopathy On one level, the data seems to suggest a direct correlation between con artistry, and psychopathy. When people acquire the neural impairment of psychopaths, they also start to behave more like con artists. So psychopathy is a sort of “biological predisposition” that leads to many of the behavior we expect from con artists. Narcissism A sense of superiority, that one deserves more, can lead to cutting corners or lying. Machiavellianism High machs tend to be among the most successful manipulators in society. The author here reviews some of the classic studies on Machiavellianism from Geis and Christie. Says the author: Machiavellianism may, like psychopathy, predispose people toward con-like behaviors and make them better able to deliver on them Psychologist Delroy Paulhus, who specializes in the dark triad traits, suggests that “Machiavellian” is a better descriptor of the con artist than “psychopath.”

Answer 107

he author uses one example to show how one generally well-behaving CFO ended up badly cooking the books after he started with a small fudging first. Then, in the next quarter, the business didn’t get better, and he got more and more mired in his own lie. Says the author: There’s no such thing as an innocent cutting of the ethical corner. Once you’ve decided to get on the sled, and have eased yourself over the edge of the hill, it’s too late to break. The author seems to suggest that the slippery slope can be “technical”, as in the case above, but also emotional: It’s like in the Mafia movies: the only one that matters is the first one you kill. After that, piece of cake.

Answer 108

Cons thrive in times of transition and fast change, when new things are happening and old ways of looking at the world no longer suffice. Transition is the confidence game’s great ally, because transition breeds uncertainty. There’s nothing a con artist likes better than exploiting the sense of unease we feel when it appears that the world as we know it is about to change.

Answer 109

isolated or lonely going through a job loss, divorce, or downturn in personal finances concerned with being in dept (people in debt are generally more likely to fall for fraud) going through a serious injury going through major life changes Victims tend to be generally more emotionally vulnerable when the con artist approaches.

Answer 110

From personal traits, the only two reliable indicators of fraud susceptibility are: impulsivity appetite for risk Please note though that impulsivity and appetite for risk aren’t stable, and can change through time. When we are struggling, we might be more willing to take risks to “get back even”, for example. But the author then also adds the following to the personality traits that make people more likely to fall for cons: a general tendency to believe optimism: religiosity: “It’s a thin line between belief in one miracle and belief in another” Such as, they believed things could get better, and that a “higher force” could help them. Interestingly, in the category of “most easy to con”, the author also includes: people who think of themselves as too smart to fall for cons Says the author: The better protected you are and the less likely you think you’ll be a victim, the more you’re apt to lose if a con artist can find a way to earn your trust. It ends up that the more you know about something, the more likely you are to fall for a con in that specific area.

Answer 111

people in a state of fear people in a happy mood people feeling relief after anxiety (“the emotional drain of anxiety followed by the wave of emotional relief created a state of relative mindlessness) For con artists, it means that a great setup is to create a sense of fear, followed by the possibility of a solution -the solution they offer-. And finally: People who think of themselves as special And this might be most people. Most people think they’re better than average. And the more we care about a certain trait, the more biased we tend to be: In the things that truly matter to us, the core characteristics that we view as central to our identity, we exhibit the greatest bias of all (…) Which is precisely why the tale works as well as it does. We are ready—eager, even—to believe we will personally benefit, no matter what No matter what, and no matter the odds. If you believe you’re a 1%, then you’re also more likely to believe that even though there is a 99% chance that what you’re experiencing might be a con… You’re more likely to be that 1% exception. Con artists are all the happiest to appeal to our vanity and our tendency to think of ourselves as “better than average”. And this is another why an antifragile ego is so important.

Answer 112

Because people would rather never admit they were conned. It’s a question of: self-narrative: we don’t want to admit it to ourselves reputation: we don’t want the world to know that we were gullible

Answer 113

For the most part, humans have evolved as cooperative animals and we can kinda of expect that most people are not going to attack us randomly. Konnikova says that most people kinda of care about others, and the con artist exploits that general cooperativeness. Quoting psychologist Adriane Raine: Persistent immoral behavior can be thought of as an alternative evolutionary strategy that can be beneficial at low rates in society

Answer 114

And the top cons are… Between 2011 and 2012 the highest number of recorded cons were in fake weight-loss products, prize promotions, price clubs, unauthorized Internet billing, and work-at-home programs. The best cons go undetected People simply write it off to “bad luck”, and never realize the deception. People share negative news IF others know about them People prefer to share good news with the world, and keep bad news with the closest friends and family. But that changes if someone else witnessed the negative news. In that case, students in the experiment were more likely to share the bad news. Probably, the students expected the witnesses to talk, and so they were eager to talk first to put their own spin on things, and control the narrative. Our willingness for things to work can make things work This part made me change approach to a few of my reviews: Mesmerism is one of the earliest examples of the power of our beliefs to change reality: the placebo effect, or dissonance reduction at its finest, in full action. We want to believe something works, and so we will it to work. Our mind literally changes the reality of our body’s health. Mesmer clearly possessed strong powers of suggestion, and people really did get better in his presence

Answer 115

Since the environment and culture are so important in fostering or discouraging manipulation and con artistry, business leaders who want to avoid scandals and graft must speak clearly and loudly that they expect everyone to behave morally and legally. Says the author: The behavioral norms of a company, culture, or setting—how it is and isn’t acceptable to act—must be communicated clearly and unequivocally. When they aren’t, it becomes too easy for those on the cusp of fraud to take the next step.

Answer 116

Culture also matters Some cultures are also more accepting of behaviors that we might consider con-like. In one study, foreign students were more likely to pay a kickback than American ones, no matter the incentives. In some countries, like Russia, to people it might just feel like “how the world works”. Pathological liars are poor con artists A pathological liar’s lies are often too big and elaborate to be taken seriously. Higher illusion of control makes us less effective The illusion of control, or the belief that we are in control of random events, tends to make people less effective: an unwarranted illusion of control can have the opposite effect: worse, more out-of-control performance. One study followed 107 traders in four London banks and found that those with the highest illusion of control performed the worst, as measured by managers’ ratings of performance and the total compensation they received. In another, people pursued worse investment diversification strategies the higher their perceptions of control. In a third, the more illusory control a group of financial analysts experienced, the more overconfident—and wrong—they were in their market predictions.

Answer 117

Alliteration: The repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words. Example: "Peter Parker picked a peck of pickled peppers." (Spider-Man) Effect: Creates a musical quality, emphasizes certain words, and enhances memorability.

Answer 118

Anadiplosis: The repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the next clause. Example: "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering." (Star Wars) Effect: Reinforces the connection between ideas, adds emphasis, and creates a sense of progression.

Answer 119

Anaphora: The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. Example: "I have a dream... I have a dream... I have a dream..." (Martin Luther King Jr.) Effect: Emphasizes key ideas, creates rhythm, and evokes emotional responses.

Answer 120

Antimetabole: The repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order. Example: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." (John F. Kennedy) Effect: Creates balance, highlights contrasting ideas, and enhances memorability.

Answer 121

Antithesis: The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in a balanced or parallel structure. Example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times." (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities) Effect: Highlights contrasting concepts, emphasizes differences, and creates a sense of tension or balance.

Answer 122

Apostrophe: Addressing an absent or imaginary person or thing as if present and able to respond. Example: "O, Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?" (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet) Effect: Adds emotional depth, conveys intense feelings, and involves the reader in the speaker's emotions.

Answer 123

Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds within words in close proximity. Example: "The cat sat on the mat." Effect: Creates a melodic quality, enhances rhythm, and adds emphasis to certain words or phrases.

Answer 124

Asyndeton: The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. Example: "I came, I saw, I conquered." (Julius Caesar) Effect: Speeds up the pace, creates a sense of urgency, and adds emphasis to each item in the list.

Answer 125

Catachresis: The use of a word or phrase in a way that is not grammatically or logically correct, for rhetorical effect. Example: "I will speak daggers to her." (William Shakespeare, Hamlet) Effect: Creates vivid imagery, evokes strong emotions, and engages the reader's imagination.

Answer 126

Chiasmus: A figure of speech in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures. Example: "Never let a fool kiss you, or a kiss fool you." Effect: Creates symmetry, emphasizes contrasting ideas, and adds a memorable and rhythmic quality to the sentence.

Answer 127

Climax: The arrangement of words, phrases, or ideas in increasing order of importance, magnitude, or intensity. Example: "He was brave, courageous, and a true hero." Effect: Builds anticipation and excitement, adds emphasis to the final element, and creates a sense of progression or culmination.

Answer 128

Epanalepsis: The repetition of the initial word or phrase at the end of a clause or sentence. Example: "Next time there won't be a next time." Effect: Reinforces a key idea or phrase, adds emphasis, and enhances the overall impact of the statement.

Answer 129

Epistrophe: The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses. Example: "Where now? Who now? When now?" (Samuel Beckett, The Unnamable) Effect: Creates a rhythmic pattern, reinforces key concepts, and adds emotional impact and emphasis.

Answer 130

Epizeuxis: The immediate repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis. Example: "Never, never, never give up." (Winston Churchill) Effect: Adds strong emphasis, intensifies the meaning, and reinforces the importance of the repeated word or phrase.

Answer 131

Epizeuxis: The immediate repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis. Example: "Never, never, never give up." (Winston Churchill) Effect: Adds strong emphasis, intensifies the meaning, and reinforces the importance of the repeated word or phrase.

Answer 132

Paradox: A statement that appears contradictory but reveals a deeper truth or meaning. Example: "I can resist anything except temptation."

Answer 133

Parallelism: The repetition of grammatical structures, phrases, or ideas to create a balanced and rhythmic effect. Example: "Easy come, easy go" or "Like father, like son." Effect: Adds harmony and balance, enhances readability and memorability, and creates a pleasing and rhythmic flow in the text.

Answer 134

Pleonasm: The use of more words or parts of words than necessary to express an idea. Example: "I saw it with my own eyes." Effect: Adds emphasis and clarity, reinforces a point through repetition, and creates a stronger impact on the reader.

Answer 135

Polysyndeton: The use of multiple conjunctions in close succession for artistic effect. Example: "He ran and jumped and laughed and played." Effect: Adds a sense of urgency, emphasizes each item or action, and creates a fast-paced and energetic tone in the text.

Answer 136

Pun: A play on words that exploits multiple meanings or similar sounds of different words. Example: "Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana." Effect: Adds humor and wit, engages the reader through wordplay, and creates a memorable and playful tone in the text.

Answer 137

Rhetorical question: A question asked for effect or to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. Example: "Can anyone deny the importance of education?" Effect: Stimulates thought and reflection, encourages the reader's engagement, and adds persuasive or rhetorical impact to the text

Answer 138

Synecdoche: A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or the whole is used to represent a part. Example: "All hands on deck" (hands represent the entire crew). Effect: Creates compact and vivid expressions, adds depth and symbolism, and engages the reader's imagination.

Answer 139

Zeugma: A figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses or to two others of which it grammatically suits only one. Example: "She broke his heart and his car." Effect: Adds surprise and unexpected connections, creates memorable and vivid descriptions, and engages the reader's imagination.