Agents of development (NGOs+TNCs)

Question 1

(NGOs) What did Edwards and Hulme say?

Answer 1

Studies a range of development NGOs and argued that they are losing touch with their roots

Question 2

What are NGOs?

Answer 2

Non-governmental organisation
A non-profit organisation that operates independently from the government
typically NGO’s offer aid to social and political issues.
Example - Oxfam

Question 3

What are TNCs?

Answer 3

Transnational companies.
Large business enterprises which produce and sell globally and have global supply chains.
E.g. mcdonalds and coca cola

Question 4

(TNCs) What did Anderson say?

Answer 4

Estimates that Africa loses $50 billion each year due to illicit financial laws from TNCs

Question 5

TNC real world examples…

Answer 5

• Now possible to buy a ‘Big Mac’ in 120 countries
• Coca-Cola was accused of putting thousands of farmers out of work in the Indian states of Kerala by draining up to 1 million litres of water, which fed famers’ wells, in order to produce cola for India.
• Today, 51 out of 100 largest economies in the world are run my multinationals rather than countries.

Question 6

NGOs/INGOs real world examples…

Answer 6

• Countries such as US, UK, Sweden have greatly experienced a great increase in GNP between 1992 and 2006 whilst the poorest countries such as Congo and Gambia (which were in civil war) have decreased their GNP.
• NGOs in UK generally raise approx 50 million pounds annually.

Question 7

IGOs real world examples…

Answer 7

• UN, World Bank and IMF are examples of IGOs
• Cuba experiences a hard time exporting goods because of the trade embargo emplaced upon them by the US
• The World Bank received 493 million pounds from DFID in multilateral aid

Question 8

What are SAPs?

Answer 8

Structural adjustment programs - the IMF and World Bank use SAPs as a condition for loans. For instance, they say they’ll only give a loan if the nations adopts neo-liberal free market policies.

Question 9

What’s the bottom billion?

Answer 9

The poorest billion people in the world.

Question 10

What is free trade?

Answer 10

Allowing people to trade at any price on the global market with no emphasis on worker’s rights - puts profits first

Question 11

What is fair trade?

Answer 11

Puts on emphasis on workers’ right and makes sure that everyone gets a fair share of the profit.

Question 12

What’s neo-colonailism?

Answer 12

Modern day colonailism whereby developed nations use trade and aid to expert influence on developing antions.

Question 13

What are IGOs?

Answer 13

Intergovernmental organisations
Organisations composed primarily of sovereign states (member states)
IGOs are established by a treaty that acts as a charter creating the group.
Example - United Nations