Aggression
- Intent to harm
- Outside rules
- Reactive
- Out of control
- Deliberate and Hostile
Assertion
- Controlled
- Well motivated
- Generally within the rules
- Goal-directed
- Not intended to harm
Instrumental aggression
Has an intent but is within the rules
What causes aggression
Individuals differences such as personality, background and motivation impact aggression
What are the 4 theories of aggression (AS IF)
Aggressive cue hypothesis
Social learning theory
Instinct trait theory
Frustration aggression hypothesis
Instinct (trait) theory
- Aggression is spontaneous and innate
- From animal instincts
- ‘Home turf’
- Aggressive impulses build up during sport
- If not released it can cause psychological damage
- After aggressive act- calm down
Catharsis
Cleaning the emotions, using sport as outlet for aggression (benefit of playing competitive games)
Issues with Instinct theory
- Not all aggression is reactive and spontaneous
- Some players don’t experience catharsis and increase aggression even after act
- Some people display aggression even when not involved in sport
- Our ancestors weren’t always aggressive- some gathered food
Social Learning Theory
- Learning in social situations influences an individual to act aggressive or not
- Observe
- Identify
- Reinforced
- Copy role models
- More likely to be copied if powerful and bright
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
- Aggressive behaviour occurs because of frustration
- Prevented from achieving the aim (goal blocked)
- Aggressive act performed either leads to success (catharsis) or punishment (frustration)
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis diagram
Drive - obstacle - Frustration - Aggression-
Success = Catharsis.
Punishment- Frustration
Aggressive Cue Hypothesis
- For aggressive behaviour to occur, individuals must have a cue that instigates this behaviour
- Socially learned cues can include encouragement to act aggressively
What 4 stimuli can act as a trigger for aggression
- Objects
- Sports
- People
- Places
Aggressive Cue Hypothesis diagram
Agg cues - Greater likely of Ag
\
Frustration- Incr Arousal
/
No aggressive cue - low Likely of aggression
4 ways the player can control aggression
- Walk away from the situation
- Talk to players to calm them down
- Use mental rehearsal or relaxation to decrease arousal
- Channel aggression into assertion
Ways the coach can control aggression (11)
- Don’t reinforce aggressive acts in training
- Substitute an agressive player
- Remove player form situation
- Talk to players- calm
- Reinforce non-aggressive
- Promote peer group pressure within the team
- Point out team responsibilities
- Set non-aggressive goals
- Develop fitness
- Reduce ‘win at all costs’
- Reward assertive play
4 ways the officials or NGBs can control aggression
- Punish aggression with fines
- Punish by sending players off
- Apply rules consistency and fairly
- Apply sanctions immediately
